{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:16:29Z","timestamp":1785424589307,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The pathomechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. infection are still poorly understood. The aim of the study was to determine the expression of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2, commonly known as cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), and various cytokines in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. (T16 genotype). The proteins were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. In immunocompetent mice, we observed increased mRNA levels of interferon gamma (IFN\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1), PTGS2\/COX-2, and interleukin (IL)-17A at the beginning of infection. While in the late stages, we found decreased levels of NLRP3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-23, IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) in the kidneys of infected hosts compared to uninfected ones. In immunosuppressed mice, we noted higher expressions of NLRP3, PTGS2\/COX-2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, IFN\u03b3, TNF\u03b1, and MIP-2, and lower expression of IL-18 in the infected mice compared to the control group. The basic understanding of the immune response during\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. infection is critical to improving clinical outcomes and also has significant implications for developing therapeutic interventions. Here, we have reported the inflammatory responses in the kidneys infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. However, additional studies are needed to understand the specific beneficial and detrimental roles of the cytokine response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. are significant biological factors and can cause rare infections characterized by high mortality and difficulty with treatment. One of the reasons\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. persist so effectively in the body is a lack of knowledge about the pathomechanisms and pathophysiology of infections. Recent studies showed that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. can also infect the kidneys in the hosts, being an important cause of medical complications. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                        spp. cause kidney injury could lead to more effective treatments for systemic acanthamoebiasis.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00243-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T09:00:56Z","timestamp":1751274056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunological and inflammatory responses in the kidneys in experimental 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