{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:51:42Z","timestamp":1786117902240,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Peribacillus frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a bacterial species commonly found in the environment and used as a plant-growth promoter and biocontrol agent in agriculture. Recent evidence has proven that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Peribacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. are also able to cause severe infections in humans, thus emerging as new human pathogens. In this study, for the first time, 10\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were isolated from human samples (both superficial and sterile deep body sites) and characterized in terms of morphology, lifestyle, genetics, and virulence. The molecular identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was inconclusive, while whole-genome sequencing was effective in properly identifying isolates within the species\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The pangenome analysis provided an overview of the virulence potential of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , revealing the presence of genes involved in antibiotic resistance and toxin\/exoenzyme production. Phenotypically, the strains displayed different features and behaviors, indicating strain-specific properties and high intra-species variability. A part of the strains exhibited virulence factors, being able to swim and swarm, form biofilms, and produce enzymes and toxins. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance to ampicillin for all strains and resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin for some of them. Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi was demonstrated, further corroborating the presence of putative bacteriocin\/antimicrobial peptide-encoding genes. An association between the overall virulence potential and infection site\/severity was hypothesized. Altogether, these findings highlight the extreme diversity within the species, reveal the strain-dependent pathogenic potential of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and support its role as a candidate human pathogen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides insights into the infectious role of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Peribacillus frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an almost unknown bacterial species with agrobiotechnological potential but no history of human infections. This is the first report of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. frigoritolerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation from human clinical samples. Ten\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. frigorit<\/jats:italic>\n                      -olerans strains were herein characterized for their morphology, lifestyle, genetics, and virulence, highlighting an extreme intra-species variability and the potential to act as pathogens in humans. Importantly, this study points out the need for unconventional methods for proper identification of this species, since traditional techniques result inconclusive. Resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics was also evidenced, confirming the importance of antimicrobial testing on clinical iso-lates. This study lays the foundation for a more in-depth characterization of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Peribacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in the clinical context.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00245-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:00:21Z","timestamp":1784120421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and in-depth characterization of clinical isolates of\n                    <i>Peribacillus frigoritolerans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7155-5837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Calvigioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1252-383X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Virginia","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Celandroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Barnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xrcj819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6975-8114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonella","family":"Lupetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xrcj819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diletta","family":"Mazzantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6863-1384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emilia","family":"Ghelardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ad39j10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa","place":["Pisa, Italy"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05xrcj819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana","place":["Pisa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). 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