{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:16:36Z","timestamp":1788225396941,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nanning Science and Technology Base Special Project","award":["20233071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20233071"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Clinical Key Specialty (Laboratory Medicine) Project"},{"name":"Guangxi Medical and Health Appropriate Technology Development and Promotion Application Project","award":["S2024082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S2024082"]}]},{"name":"Guangxi Health Commission Self-Financing Project","award":["Z-A20220257"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z-A20220257"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) is an important but underrecognized pathogen associated with acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children, although its clinical impact remains poorly defined, particularly with microbial co-detection. This study enrolled hospitalized children with ARI who underwent targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS). Clinical features were compared between HPIV-1 mono-detection and co-detection groups, as well as between patients with severe and non-severe pneumonia. Among 9,394 enrolled children, HPIV-1 was detected in 1.7%, predominantly in those aged 6 months to 2 years. Co-detection with other respiratory pathogens was observed in 95.7% of HPIV-1-positive cases, with viral-bacterial co-infection being the most common pattern.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , rhinovirus, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the most frequently co-detected agents. Compared to the mono-detection group (mostly infants \u226412 months), children with co-detection were older, exhibited higher total immunoglobulin levels, experienced longer hospitalizations, and incurred greater treatment costs (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Among HPIV-1-positive children, respiratory and non-respiratory complications occurred in approximately one-third and two-fifths of cases, respectively, with over 95% achieving clinical improvement or discharge. Patients with severe pneumonia, compared to non-severe cases, demonstrated significantly elevated inflammatory markers, prolonged fever, higher rates of complications and ICU admission, increased respiratory support requirements, longer hospital stays, and higher costs (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). HPIV-1-positive pediatric ARI patients have a high co-detection rate, with HPIV-1-virus-bacteria co-detection being the predominant pattern. Co-detection is linked to greater disease severity compared to mono-detection. Key indicators for severe pneumonia include elevated inflammatory markers, prolonged fever, complications, and respiratory support needs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV-1) is an underrecognized contributor to pediatric acute respiratory infections (ARI), yet its clinical impact remains unclear, particularly regarding co-detection with other microbes. Based on targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), this study demonstrates that HPIV-1 detection in hospitalized children with ARI is characterized by a high rate of microbial co-detection, which is associated with greater disease severity. Elevated inflammatory markers (procalcitonin [PCT] and erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]), prolonged fever, complication occurrence, and need for respiratory support serve as key predictors of progression to severe pneumonia in these children. These findings offer important clinical evidence to support the development of a predictive model for severe pneumonia in HPIV-1-positive children and provide valuable guidance for optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HPIV-1-associated respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00275-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:02:38Z","timestamp":1781614958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High prevalence and clinical impact of microbial co-detection in hospitalized children with human parainfluenza virus type 1"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5302-3845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunyun","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04n901w50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical Science Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6352-0949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04n901w50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical Science Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, People\u2019s Republic of 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Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7728-768X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiangyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04n901w50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical Science Laboratory, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region","place":["Nanning, People\u2019s Republic of 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