{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:52:12Z","timestamp":1786117932056,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2023\/48\/C\/NZ1\/00234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2023\/48\/C\/NZ1\/00234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Uropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (UPEC) often causes recurrent urinary tract infections, where biofilms and persister cells can promote recalcitrance. This study evaluated whether secretion-system marker genes associate with antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation, and biofilm-associated persistence in clinical urinary isolates. A total of 71 isolates were screened by PCR for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      and markers of secretion systems: type I (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), type II (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gspD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), type V (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ag43<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and type VI (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured by Etest, biofilm biomass by crystal violet assay, and persister survival in strong biofilm producers after antibiotic challenge.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 91.5% isolates;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gspD<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ag43<\/jats:italic>\n                      were common (71.8% and 80.3%), while\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                      occurred in 32.4% and 46.5%. Marker co-occurrence was frequent, with 19.7% carrying all four secretion markers, and 8.5% with no secretion markers detected. A total of 81.7% isolates formed biofilm, including 18.3% strong producers. Individual marker prevalence did not differ across biofilm categories. Carriage of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hlyA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                      was associated with lower MIC distributions for selected antibiotics (including fosfomycin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin-sulbactam), whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gspD<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ag43<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed no consistent MIC associations. The biofilm category was linked to non-susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactam, but not the other agents tested. Strong biofilm producers showed biphasic killing consistent with persister formation, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage tended to align with higher ciprofloxacin survival. These findings map secretion-system markers in clinical UPEC and suggest that a type VI secretion system may track with biofilm-associated persistence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) often relapse after antibiotic treatment because bacteria can generate persister cells\u2014temporary survivors that tolerate antibiotics without being genetically resistant. Clinicians, therefore, lack markers that flag isolates likely to persist. In 71 clinical urinary\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        isolates, this study surveyed genes encoding several secretion systems, molecular machines that help bacteria interact with each other and with host tissues. These markers were widespread and frequently co-occurred, but they did not track with stronger biofilm formation. However, a type VI secretion system marker (\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                        ) was associated with higher survival during ciprofloxacin exposure in strong-biofilm isolates, linking virulence-associated machinery with biofilm-associated persistence. Genetic signatures that reflect persistence, rather than routine resistance, could help prioritize follow-up testing and support development of strategies that target hard-to-eradicate rUTI infections.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00286-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:02:42Z","timestamp":1784120562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Types I, II, V, and VI secretion system genes in clinical uropathogenic\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    associate with antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, and persister 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