{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:46:29Z","timestamp":1785433589508,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recently, to achieve cure, physicians have been resorting to overuse or misuse of antimicrobials to treat resistant infections, leading to the emergence of further resistant organisms. To overcome this issue, antimicrobial guidelines have been developed. Nevertheless, recently, controversy regarding the effect of adherence to antimicrobial guidelines on patient outcomes has been raised. Additionally, in multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections, rates of susceptibility to guideline-recommended agents have been reported to be low. Hence, herein, we aim to assess the impact of guideline-concordant, appropriate, and effective antimicrobial regimens on patient outcomes in MDR infections at the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at MNGHA, a 500-bed tertiary care hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saved microbiology lab samples that grew ESKAPE pathogens (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.) between October 2020 to September 2022 were collected and evaluated consecutively for MDR. Charts of all identified MDR isolates who had received empiric therapy were evaluated for concordance with hospital antimicrobial guidelines. Any deviation was evaluated for appropriateness by two independent researchers and a third expert. Patients under the age of 18 years were excluded, as the MNGHA hospital antimicrobial guidelines only included adults. Empiric treatment was deemed appropriate if (i) it was guideline-concordant or (ii) the deviation was approved by a third expert. The expert relied on the patient\u2019s clinical status by examining their disease severity, lab values, and physician\u2019s notes to adjudicate the appropriateness of the empiric treatment. If the administered antibiotic showed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      susceptibility, therapy was considered effective. The assessed outcomes included infection-associated death and clinical or microbiological cure. Over 2 years, a convenient sampling technique was applied to collect 569 samples. Out of these samples, a total of 405 samples with ESKAPE organisms were identified and evaluated, 121 of which were MDR. Four samples did not receive empirical treatment and so were excluded. A total of 117 samples were included in the analysis. The mean age in this study was 62.39 \u00b1 18.17 years. Around three-fourths (77.8%, 91\/117) of patients suffered from bacteremia, with the most common source of infection being complicated urinary tract infection. Guideline-concordant (68\/117), appropriate (80\/117), and effective (47\/116) treatment demonstrated no statistically significant association with patient outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.240,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.526, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.747, respectively). Patients who required dose adjustment for initial empiric therapy received guideline-discordant empiric treatment more often (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). Dose adjustments were judged based on hospital renal dosing guidelines and based on the patients\u2019 creatinine clearance. Basing the empirical treatment on previous susceptibility results elevates the odds of administering effective empirical treatment (OR: 2.44, CI: 1.06\u20135.60,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.033). Interestingly, guideline-concordant treatment was associated with receiving ineffective empiric treatment (OR: 0.40, CI: 0.19\u20130.87,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.019). Guideline-concordant, appropriate, or effective empiric antimicrobial treatment was not associated with better outcomes for patients with MDR ESKAPE organisms. Moreover, the administration of guideline-concordant treatment showed increased odds of giving ineffective treatment. On the other hand, considering previous susceptibility results in the decision of empiric regimens was associated with a higher chance of effective antibiotic administration. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying local MDR risk factors, utilizing previous culture reports, risk stratification, and continuous evaluation of outcomes to develop hospital-specific antimicrobial guidelines to manage the challenges of providing optimal empiric antimicrobials for patients with MDR infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>This study evaluates the impact of guideline-concordant, appropriate, and effective antimicrobial treatment on patient outcome in MDR ESKAPE infections. Our study introduces a classification differentiating between guideline-concordant and clinically appropriate treatment to provide practical insight into the complexity of decision-making in MDR infections. Additionally, this study emphasizes the importance of identifying MDR risk factors, utilizing previous culture reports, risk stratification, and continuous evaluation of outcomes to develop hospital-specific guidelines to optimize empiric antimicrobials for MDR infections.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00291-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T12:00:21Z","timestamp":1757332821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of guideline-concordant, appropriate, and effective antimicrobial treatment on patient outcome in multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6417-8419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fuad A.","family":"Sindi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Boubsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyad","family":"Alkhayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhasan","family":"Daghestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Albaradie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Anwar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nour","family":"Shamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Pharmacist, Independent Antimicrobial Stewardship Policy Consultant","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharif","family":"Hala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5362-1228","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Awadh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009p8zv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0149jvn88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533452"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"ESKAPE pathogens: trends in antibiotic resistance pattern","volume":"7","author":"Natarajan S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Natarajan S, Usha B. 2018. ESKAPE pathogens: trends in antibiotic resistance pattern. MedPulse Int. J. Microbiol 7:26\u201332.","journal-title":"MedPulse Int. J. Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina47030019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000967"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0639"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02704.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs. 2022. Antimicrobial Guidelines (3rd ed.). Riyadh Saudi Arabia Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1478-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00163407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2022.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0609-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00627-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: issues and options","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"1998","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, Forum on Emerging Infections. 1998. Edited by P. F. Harrison and J. Lederberg. Antimicrobial resistance: issues and options. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/6121\/antimicrobialresistance-issues-and-options."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1568239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70314-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-019-0185-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-021-00505-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00065-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-019-09914-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00184-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3136-3146.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0596-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00674-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001277"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S402172"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medin.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz319"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243741"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01638-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2013.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/593970"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00291-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00291-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:06:27Z","timestamp":1759842387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00291-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Prinzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00291-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00291-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00291-25"}}