{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:11:43Z","timestamp":1785409903691,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have computationally identified a conserved region of flagellin B (FlaB) protein that is present only in pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      but absent in non-pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      or other flagellated bacteria. The predicted FlaB subunit protein (sFlaB) comprised a sequence of 50-amino acids:\n                      <jats:sup>140<\/jats:sup>\n                      FARGSRVASMWFHMGPNQNQRERFYIGTMTSKALKLVKADGRPIAISSPG\n                      <jats:sup>189<\/jats:sup>\n                      . The nucleotide sequence encoding sFlaB was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      genomic DNA and cloned into a pET100 expression vector. The recombinant sFlaB was expressed in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      BL21 and affinity purified to serve as an antigen to the immunochromatographic test (ICT) designed for specific IgM (ICT-IgM) and IgG (ICT-IgG) antibody detections. We evaluated 109 serum samples, including 46 from leptospirosis patients (29 acute sera and 17 convalescent sera) and 63 from patients with other acute febrile illnesses (46 acute sera and 17 convalescent sera). Compared to the paired serum results of the indirect immunofluorescent assay, the sensitivity of ICT-IgM and ICT-IgG was 80.40% and 71.73%, with specificities of 84.13% and 73.01%, respectively. For acute leptospirosis sera, ICT-IgM showed a sensitivity of 75.86% and a specificity of 89.13%, while ICT-IgG had a sensitivity of 68.97% and a specificity of 71.94%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic leptospires. The infected patient presents with a mild to severe febrile illness and may die while receiving inappropriate treatment. The microscopic agglutination test, the current gold standard method, is laborious and requires the use of live panel leptospires, which should only be done in a reference laboratory. In addition, the results of the paired serum samples are required for an accurate interpretation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used instead for diagnosis in the acute phase of infection. However, PCR requires an expensive machine and a specialist to analyze the results. Therefore, a simple and rapid test is needed for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00307-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T13:00:48Z","timestamp":1763989248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the conserved subunit of the pathogenic\n                    <i>Leptospira<\/i>\n                    FlaB protein-based immunochromatographic test for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jintapa","family":"Sueasuay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chawikan","family":"Boonwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawipas","family":"Saisuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuttawan","family":"Kassaket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issara","family":"Prachongsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b69g067","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University","place":["Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiwit","family":"Tantibhedhyangkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patimaporn","family":"Wongprompitak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupin","family":"Suputtamongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2910-3471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattama","family":"Ekpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9851-2425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Naharuthai","family":"Inthasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znkr924","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.25.6.976-980.1973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"296","article-title":"Indirect immunoperoxidase test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Chimsumang S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chimsumang S, Chettanadee S, Jitrathai S, Wongchotigul V. 2005. Indirect immunoperoxidase test for the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36:296\u2013301.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-132-1-111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05120-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.4.599-605.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2014.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00456-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0867-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X355229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00245-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.14.4761-4768.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00131-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1800061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.3.1357-1359.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.774233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00862-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.10.4355-4359.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.200600805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"Proteome and immunome of pathogenic Leptospira spp. revealed by 2DE and 2DE-immunoblotting with immune serum","volume":"25","author":"Sakolvaree Y","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sakolvaree Y, Maneewatch S, Jiemsup S, Klaysing B, Tongtawe P, Srimanote P, Saengjaruk P, Banyen S, Tapchaisri P, Chonsa-nguan M, Chaicumpa W. 2007. Proteome and immunome of pathogenic Leptospira spp. revealed by 2DE and 2DE-immunoblotting with immune serum. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 25:53\u201373.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00911-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110808542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.12.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Characterization of a phase 1-d epitope on Salmonella typhi flagellin and its role in the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever","volume":"17","author":"Korbsrisate S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Korbsrisate S, Thanomsakyuth A, Banchuin N, McKay S, Hossain M, Sarasombath S. 1999. Characterization of a phase 1-d epitope on Salmonella typhi flagellin and its role in the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 17:31\u201339.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"863","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of four immunodiagnotic assays for human leptospirosis","volume":"35","author":"Kemapunmanus M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kemapunmanus M, Sretrirutchai S, Khuntikij P, Pradutkanchana S, Pradutkanchana J. 2004. A prospective evaluation of four immunodiagnotic assays for human leptospirosis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 35:863\u2013867.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0818"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00307-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00307-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T14:05:10Z","timestamp":1767708310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00307-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Melissa R.","family":"Gitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00307-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00307-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00307-25"}}