{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:00:27Z","timestamp":1785416427533,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Multidrug-resistant\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n continues to challenge healthcare services globally. However, our understanding of its occurrence, genomic characteristics, and epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains severely limited. In this study, we report the whole-genome sequencing of an extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, sequence type (ST) 37\n K<\/jats:italic>\n .\n pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n isolate (ARM02) recovered from a patient in Armenia. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that ARM02 was resistant to four of the 11 antibiotics tested, including ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, and ceftazidime. Genome sequencing analysis identified seven antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in ARM02, including\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM-1D<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV-11<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n dfrA14<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sul2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n strA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n strB<\/jats:italic>\n , and the ESBL-producing gene\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n . In addition, ARM02 harbored 12 virulence genes, including the common pilus fibrillin subunit encoding gene\n yagZ\/ecpA<\/jats:italic>\n and a complete yersiniabactin siderophore system (\n irp1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n irp2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ybtAEPQSTUX<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n fyuA<\/jats:italic>\n ). Moreover, we also detected five insertion sequences and two plasmid replicons in the ARM02 genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ARM02 shared a common ancestor with the USA strains\n SRR5283489<\/jats:ext-link>\n and\n SRR5973349<\/jats:ext-link>\n , diverging around 2007 (95% onfidence interval, 2004 to 2011). However, ARM02 carried a unique accessory genome, indicating independent evolution and spread. Our findings highlight the co-existence of virulence and resistance genes in the Armenian ST37 strain and emphasize the critical need for genomic surveillance in LMICs. This is crucial for understanding how gram-negative bacterial pathogens, such as ESBL-producing\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n , which remain on the WHO\u2019s Priority Pathogens list, evolve and spread in LMICs, and how they contribute to the global AMR crisis.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n We report the first genomic analysis of an extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n ST37 isolate (ARM02) recovered from a hospitalized patient in Armenia. Genome sequencing identified several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, including\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM-1D<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV-11<\/jats:sub>\n , which were directly linked to the observed resistance phenotypes. ARM02 also carried a variety of virulence genes, including a complete yersiniabactin siderophore system, which is associated with enhanced pathogenicity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ARM02 was closely related to strains from the United States, but it harbored a unique accessory genome, suggesting independent evolution and local spread in Armenia. This highlights the critical need for robust genomic surveillance and targeted interventions in low- and middle-income countries. This study provides crucial insights into the genetic diversity and potential local transmission of ST37\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n in Armenia and calls for larger-scale genomic surveillance to better understand and control its spread.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00332-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:14:46Z","timestamp":1753881286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genomic characterization of an ESBL-producing\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n ST37 recovered from a hospitalized patient in Armenia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03s8txj32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017z00e58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b3tsf98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary M.","family":"Ter-Stepanyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zqv1s26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Yerevan State Medical University after M. 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