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Our study aimed to evaluate aspects of the relationship between ICE\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pmi<\/jats:italic>\n                      Jpn1, one of the most widespread SXT\/R391 variants, with its natural host\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . For this investigation, we used isogenic strains (containing or not the ICE\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pmi<\/jats:italic>\n                      Jpn1) that enabled us to evaluate the influence of this element on several physiological aspects of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      as well as the effect of different\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      genetic backgrounds on the conjugative transmission of the element. ICE\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pmi<\/jats:italic>\n                      Jpn1 did not impact the fitness, self-recognition, swarming, pathogenicity, and persistence abilities of this bacterium but increased biofilm formation in one strain. Additionally, conjugative transfer of the element to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      is widely variable when different\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains are used as donors in mating assays. Our results indicate that ICE\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pmi<\/jats:italic>\n                      Jpn1 has no adverse effects on the physiology or pathogenicity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , reflecting a stable association between this element and its host. Furthermore, the findings support the notion that ICE transfer between bacteria is influenced not only by element-specific regulators but also by strain-specific factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Mobile genetic elements play a key role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance, raising concerns about multidrug-resistant bacteria, yet their interactions with bacterial hosts are not well characterized. This study explores the relationship between ICE\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pmi<\/jats:italic>\n                        Jpn1, a globally distributed SXT\/R391 integrative and conjugative element (ICE), and its natural host\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                        , revealing minimal effects on bacterial fitness and pathogenicity. Nevertheless, strain-specific factors significantly influence conjugative transfer. These findings highlight the need for further research on host-dependent regulatory mechanisms that drive the spread of these elements. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing strategies to mitigate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacterial populations.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00339-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T09:00:37Z","timestamp":1747990837000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interaction of the SXT\/R391 element ICE\n                    <i>Pmi<\/i>\n                    Jpn1 with its natural host\n                    <i>Proteus mirabilis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-259X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas","family":"Lyra de Holanda 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