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This metabolic process is the basis of biological power-to-methane (PtM) technology, a promising solution for the long-term storage of surplus renewable energy as CH\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Its successful application can be improved through a deeper understanding of methanogen physiology, particularly the metabolic response to intermittent substrate supply of H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      or CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . In batch cultures of PtM-relevant strains, mesophilic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methanococcus maripaludis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and thermophilic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methanothermobacter marburgensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we determined the apparent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">m<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sub>\n                      for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to be 0.60 and 1.65 mmol L\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively, which correspond to near-maximum CH\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      production rates\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      when CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      partial pressures exceed 350 Pa at 30\u00b0C or 1.95 kPa at 60\u00b0C, at pH 7. Focusing on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. maripaludis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , cultivation in chemostats under either H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      or CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      limitation did not affect the yield or activity of methanogenesis. However, differences emerged when\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. maripaludis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was completely starved of either CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      or H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. maripaludis<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrated a higher tolerance to H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      starvation compared to CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      starvation, resulting in shorter lag times and increased methanogenesis activity upon revival with replenished substrates. CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -starved cells displayed higher intracellular F\n                      <jats:sub>420<\/jats:sub>\n                      H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/F\n                      <jats:sub>420<\/jats:sub>\n                      and NADH\/NAD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ratios and were more susceptible to O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      inactivation, indicating that the accumulation of reducing equivalents may be linked to cell damage. These insights can help stabilize the operation of PtM processes by adjusting the ratio of H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      to CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      feed during intermittent operations or shutdowns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Microbial physiology has increasingly been studied under dynamic substrate conditions, expanding beyond the classical focus on balanced growth. While starvation is typically associated with a halt in cellular growth and activity, how cells enter starvation influences their recovery dynamics. We demonstrate that starvation caused by a lack of electron donor vs electron acceptor results in distinctly different revival behaviors in the methanogenic Archaea,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methanococcus maripaludis<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Methanogens play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, participating in the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. They are also of biotechnological significance, being central to anaerobic digestion processes and power-to-gas technology. Thus, our results showing improved recovery from electron donor over electron acceptor starvation may prove essential for optimizing methanogenesis processes across various applications.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00359-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T13:00:35Z","timestamp":1754485235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    and H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    limitations on\n                    <i>Methanococcus maripaludis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s376052","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Environmental Engineering Institute IIE-ENAC, Laboratory MICROBE, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1337-4103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00f6rg Stefan","family":"Deutzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Aarhus University","place":["Aarhus C, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Matis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Aarhus University","place":["Aarhus C, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frauke","family":"Kracke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Spormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation CO2 Research Center, Aarhus University","place":["Aarhus C, Denmark"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University","place":["Stanford, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8370-1715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenyu","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02s376052","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Environmental Engineering Institute IIE-ENAC, Laboratory MICROBE, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/157529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Energy. 2017. 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