{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:26Z","timestamp":1792787246786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TD2022C005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD2022C005"]}]},{"name":"the Characteristic Project for Research and Development of Oral Biomedical Materials, the \u2018East Pole\u2019 Project Group of Jiamusi University","award":["DJXSTD202405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DJXSTD202405"]}]},{"name":"the Doctoral Special Research Fund Initiation Project of Jiamusi University","award":["JMSUBZ2022-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JMSUBZ2022-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01vasff55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Research Project of Jiamusi University","award":["SZDYF202308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZDYF202308"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01vasff55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) can cause inflammatory injury beyond the central nervous system, yet the host pathways driving EV-A71-associated skeletal muscle pathology remain poorly defined. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a key innate immune sensor capable of amplifying inflammatory signaling during infection. Here, we established an EV-A71 infection model in 1-day-old BALB\/c suckling mice by intraperitoneal inoculation for 3 consecutive days and administered the TLR2 inhibitor C29 intraperitoneally at 6 h post-inoculation. EV-A71 infection induced prominent skeletal muscle pathology characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle bundle disruption, and dissolution, and reduced myofiber cross-sectional area. Consistently, EV-A71 increased the levels of TLR2, nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) signaling markers (p65 and phosphorylated p65), the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and the viral protein VP1 in skeletal muscle. EV-A71 infection was also associated with elevated \u03b1-SMA and collagen III, suggesting tissue remodeling in injured muscle. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of TLR2 with C29 markedly alleviated histopathological damage and reduced IL-6 expression in skeletal muscle. Collectively, these findings support a model in which EV-A71 activates a TLR2\u2013NF-\u03baB\u2013linked inflammatory program that contributes to skeletal muscle immunopathology and highlights TLR2 as a tractable host-directed target for mitigating virus-associated skeletal muscle injury.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Virus-associated skeletal muscle injury can cause functional impairment and may worsen outcomes, but actionable host determinants remain limited. Using a neonatal mouse model, we show that enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection is accompanied by activation of a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-linked inflammatory program in skeletal muscle and that pharmacological TLR2 inhibition reduces IL-6 expression and alleviates muscle pathology. These results support the concept that excessive innate immune signaling contributes to muscle immunopathology and identify TLR2 as a potential host-directed intervention point. This work provides a mechanistic framework for understanding and targeting skeletal muscle injury associated with EV-A71 and potentially other viral infections.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00383-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:00:45Z","timestamp":1789477245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enterovirus 71 drives TLR2\u2013NF-\u03baB\u2013dependent inflammatory skeletal muscle injury in neonatal BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinhong","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01vasff55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Clinical Medicine Department, Jiamusi University","place":["Jiamusi, 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