{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:52:41Z","timestamp":1791352361745,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-ERD-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-ERD-010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Coccidioidomycosis, or Valley fever, is an emerging respiratory disease caused by soil-dwelling fungi of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      genus that is expected to spread from the southwest into the central U.S. by 2050. While 60% of infections are asymptomatic, the other 40% of patients experience a range of symptoms, from self-limiting pneumonia to life-threatening disseminated disease. The immunological events that underlie the progression to severe disease remain underdefined. Here, we probed the early immune response to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      using a high dose of an attenuated strain of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides posadasii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a mouse model of infection coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing. At 24 h post-infection, robust immune infiltration is detected in the lung, marked by high levels of inflammatory PD-L1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      neutrophils and fungal-contact-dependent pro-fibrotic Spp1\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      macrophages. These findings elucidate the early dynamics of the host response to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and provide a deeper understanding of host-pathogen interactions in the lung.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        By examining early immune dynamics in the lungs, we uncover critical insights into how myeloid cells, particularly neutrophils and macrophages, are recruited and differentiated during\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection. The discovery of specific immune cell subsets, such as PD-L1\n                        <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                        neutrophils and Spp1\n                        <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                        macrophages, which are associated with inflammation and fibrosis, highlights potential targets for therapeutic intervention. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the host-pathogen interactions that occur during\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection, offering valuable directions for developing more effective treatments and preventive strategies against this increasingly prevalent disease.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00442-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T13:01:03Z","timestamp":1753362063000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early immune response to\n                    <i>Coccidioides<\/i>\n                    is characterized by robust neutrophil and fibrotic macrophage recruitment and differentiation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nadia","family":"Miranda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00d9ah105","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Quantitative Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced","place":["Merced, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","place":["Livermore, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar A.","family":"Davalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041nk4h53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","place":["Livermore, 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