{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T11:16:07Z","timestamp":1786792567011,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI143689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI143689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#1020388"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1020388"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-232051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-232051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Minnesota Undergrad Research Opportunity","award":["UROP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UROP"]}]},{"name":"University of Minnesota Graduate School Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship","award":["DDF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DDF"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Invasive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      bloodstream infections (candidemia) are a deadly global health threat. Rare\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are becoming increasingly important causes of candidemia. Phenotypic data, including patterns of antifungal drug resistance, are limited. There is a geographic variation in the distribution of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and frequency of antifungal drug resistance, meaning that regional data can have significant clinical value. Here, we report on the species distribution, frequency of antifungal drug resistance, and phenotypic variability of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      bloodstream isolates from an academic medical center and five affiliated hospitals in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul region of Minnesota collected during an 18-month period from 2019 to 2021. We collected 288 isolates spanning 11 species from 119 patients.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      was recovered from 45% of cases, followed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      (35%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (7%), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2.5%), with 10% of cases representing additional rare species. We performed antifungal drug susceptibility by the EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) method for three major drug classes. Concerningly, we identified fluconazole, micafungin, and multidrug resistance rates in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. glabrata<\/jats:italic>\n                      that were ~2 times higher than that reported in other regions of the United States. Through analysis of serial isolates from individual patients, we identified clinically relevant within-patient differences of MIC values in multiple drug classes. We also report phenotypic data in rare non-albicans\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species to address a significant gap in available data. Our results provide valuable clinical data relevant to antifungal stewardship efforts and highlight important areas of future research, including within-patient dynamics of infection and the mechanisms of drug resistance in rare\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                        species are an important cause of hospital-acquired infection. The prevalence of species causing infections and the frequency of antifungal drug resistance have changed over time. Reporting the regional\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                        species distribution and phenotypes has clinical significance. Current clinical microbiology practices may underestimate the within-host diversity of infecting strains, including important variation in drug susceptibility. Our study reports the results of an 18-month survey of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                        bloodstream infections in an academic medical center and associated hospitals in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul region of Minnesota. We identified antifungal drug resistance, including multidrug resistance, in multiple non-albicans species. By analyzing serial isolates from individual patients, we identified clinically relevant differences in drug susceptibility during infection. Our results contribute data to antifungal stewardship efforts and identify avenues of future research.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00464-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:00:23Z","timestamp":1750669223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Heterogeneity of\n                    <i>Candida<\/i>\n                    bloodstream isolates in an academic medical center and affiliated hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1678-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics Program, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Zajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serin E.","family":"Erayil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Kline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3298-2400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Selmecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017zqws13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology and Genetics Program, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(80)90147-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.8.1702-1710.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2022. 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