{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:24:03Z","timestamp":1788269043140,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recently, antibiotic resistance has been recognized as a major threat to global public health.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PA) is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens that mainly lead to dangerous nosocomial infections occurring in immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, with the increasing rate of multidrug resistance (MDR) of PA, management of infection with this pathogen has become a global challenge. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines seem to be a good alternative to conventional vaccines. In the present study, an mRNA vaccine encoding OprF\u2014outer membrane protein F\u2014in PA was produced and synthesized using the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      transcription (IVT) method. Additionally, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared by a thin-layer hydration method, and the prepared mRNA-LNP vaccine was evaluated in terms of nanoparticle properties. Finally, the efficacy of the vaccine in inducing a humoral immune response against PA was studied in BALB\/c mice through injecting 5 or 25 \u03bcg of mRNA to each group. ELISA results showed an increase in the level of neutralizing antibodies against OprF protein in PA. Immunization with mRNA-OprF induced an appropriate humoral immune response and reduced bacterial burden in systemic infection models. It seems that the mRNA-OprF vaccine made in the present study can be a promising vaccine to prevent PA infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This work is one of the suitable mRNA-LNP vaccine designs because it targets an important immunogenic antigen that can induce both humoral and adaptive immunity against bacteria. As the first project of mRNA vaccine, especially for a non-viral microorganism in Iran, our results demonstrate good humoral immunity Induced by the vaccine developed against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This work is of great importance and has significant potential to provide and develop an efficient vaccine against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00473-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T13:05:17Z","timestamp":1786539917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an mRNA vaccine against the OprF of\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    and evaluation of antibody response in mouse"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4769-1939","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Fathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vspf741","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","place":["Kermanshah, Iran"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences","place":["Urmia, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lida","family":"Lotfollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences","place":["Urmia, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4732-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mehravar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Golestan University of medical Science","place":["Gorgan, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-0171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bizhan","family":"Nomanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vspf741","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","place":["Kermanshah, Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S173867"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01415-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010199"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081912"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00506-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00672-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00072-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.42.3.1027-1033.1983"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.24.6551-6556.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30699\/ijmm.17.5.571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171450"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313139"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SP11004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2023.69.4.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S244081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9091007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12621"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0433"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01311-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00850-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2792-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00451-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S189847"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2020.151415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04996"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03275-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9010065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100557-6.00003-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1650999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-021-10356-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01731.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004926"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00473-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00473-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:11:11Z","timestamp":1788268271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00473-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yuan Pin","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00473-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00473-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00473-25"}}