{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:24:03Z","timestamp":1788269043583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nontypeable\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTHi) is a common colonizer of the human upper respiratory tract and one of the major pathogens responsible for pediatric respiratory tract infections. Given the increasing severity of its multidrug resistance (MDR), this study comprehensively investigated the genomic characteristics of circulating NTHi isolated from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). A total of 104\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (69 from sputum; 35 from BALF) were collected from pediatric patients between January 2024 and January 2025. All isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing, followed by core\/pan-genome phylogenetic analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and resistome profiling. Among them, 103 were identified as NTHi. We identified 29 known sequence types (STs) and 10 novel STs, with ST-107 (14.4%), ST-57 (10.6%), and ST-11 (8.7%) being the major circulating lineages. However, core-genome phylogenetic analysis provided a more granular view of the genetic variation within these identical STs. All the isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin (98.1%) and cefuroxime (84.6%). Genomically, the multidrug efflux pump gene\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hmrM<\/jats:italic>\n                      was ubiquitous (100%). Ampicillin resistance was predominantly driven by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaTEM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage (77.9%), with minor contributions from chromosomal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ftsI<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations. Fifteen plasmid replicons were predicted from 25 isolates, which highly coincided with the carriage of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">blaTEM-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other acquired resistance genes. This study demonstrates that MDR in pediatric NTHi is primarily driven by acquired resistance genes and chromosomal mutations, with specific resistant clones persisting and enriching under clinical antibiotic pressures. These findings underscore the importance of continuous high-resolution genomic surveillance in guiding rational antibiotic stewardship.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights the critical importance of high-resolution genomic surveillance in managing pediatric nontypeable\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTHi) infections. By utilizing whole-genome sequencing, we uncovered the pathogen\u2019s highly dynamic population structure and complex multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms. Crucially, our findings reveal a strong, non-random coupling between core genomic architectures, virulence factors, and MDR elements, driven by dual environmental and pharmacological pressures. This \u201cvirulence-MDR\u201d co-evolutionary trend underscores the persistent clinical threat of locally adapted high-risk clones. These findings provide important insights for guiding rational clinical antibiotic stewardship, optimizing treatment strategies, and improving regional infection control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00498-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:00:16Z","timestamp":1786712416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidrug resistance and genomic characteristics of nontypeable\n                    <i>Haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n                    isolates from the respiratory tract of pediatric patients"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4306-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuyuan","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zw6et16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00zw6et16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Capital Center for Children\u2019s Health, Capital Medical University, Capital Institute of Pediatrics","place":["Beijing, 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