{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:16:40Z","timestamp":1788225400204,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Advanced Molecular Detection Initiative at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nontyphoidal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NTS) infections in humans typically present as self-limiting gastroenteritis, but a small percentage progress to extraintestinal illness, including bacteremia. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spvRABCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        <jats:underline>S<\/jats:underline>\n                        almonella\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>\n                      lasmid\n                      <jats:underline>v<\/jats:underline>\n                      irulence) locus is a plasmid-localized regulon and is hypothesized to contribute to NTS bacteremia. We analyzed 10,544 serotype Typhimurium (I 4,[5],12:i:1,2) and 5,271 serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- (abbreviated as \u201cI 4:i:-\u201d) genomes from human case isolates that were collected and uploaded to PulseNet between 1 January 2019 and 11 May 2022. We examined the relationships between isolate\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      status, infection site, patient age, sex, and seven-gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence type. Comparing the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      + and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      subpopulations of Typhimurium and I 4:i:- revealed respective 3.5- and 2.2-fold increases in the proportion of blood isolates among the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      + subpopulation. Bivariate analysis revealed associations between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      + status, patient age group, patient sex, and infection site for both serotypes. Generalized estimating equation models found increased odds of isolation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      + isolates from blood compared with stool for both serotypes (Typhimurium adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.1 [95% CI: 3.4\u20135.1]\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001; I 4:i:- aOR: 2.3 [95% CI: 1.6\u20133.2]\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and increased odds of urine vs stool isolation for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      + isolates for Typhimurium (aOR: 1.6 [95% CI: 1.3\u20132.0]\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Patient age and sex were also predictive of blood and urine isolation, relative to stool. Additionally, MLST sequence types with higher rates of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage showed higher rates of blood infections. In summary, our analysis strongly supports a role for the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus in bloodstream infection cases caused by Typhimurium and I 4:i:-.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study details a comprehensive analysis of 15,815 clinical isolates of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:- collected through the PulseNet USA Network to investigate the role of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spvRABCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      locus in nontyphoidal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, with a focus on its association with bloodstream infections. These findings demonstrate increased odds of bacteremia in strains that carry the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spv<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in two prevalent nontyphoidal serotypes. This research builds on and confirms previous studies\u2019 implications that these genes contribute to the risk of blood infections by utilizing large human data sets to directly connect bacterial genotype to a specific isolation site in a human. This work both enhances our understanding of the virulence mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and underscores the importance of genomic surveillance in identifying strains that pose a heightened risk for invasive disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00504-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T12:01:02Z","timestamp":1781524862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Public health data collected by PulseNet support a role for\n                    <i>spv<\/i>\n                    genes in cases of bacteremia caused by\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:-"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aimee R. 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