{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:23:53Z","timestamp":1788269033009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding","award":["PN-IV-P6-6.1-CoEx-2024-0196 (17CoEx\/2026)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-IV-P6-6.1-CoEx-2024-0196 (17CoEx\/2026)"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, Romania \u2014 National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR), Pillar III, Component 9, Investment I8","award":["PNRR\/2022\/C9\/MCID\/I8, Contract No. 760057\/23.05.2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNRR\/2022\/C9\/MCID\/I8, Contract No. 760057\/23.05.2023"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of European Funds, Romania \u2014 Competitiveness Operational Programme","award":["P_37_745, MySMIS 103454, Contract No. 31\/01.09.2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P_37_745, MySMIS 103454, Contract No. 31\/01.09.2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The gut microbiome influences host health, affecting gastrointestinal, metabolic, immune, cardiovascular, and neurological functions. A balanced microbiome is associated with favorable health outcomes. However, excessive antibiotic use and dietary habits can disrupt this ecosystem, leading to dysbiosis and affecting body homeostasis. This first comprehensive metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome in a healthy Romanian cohort, a population underrepresented in microbiome studies and characterized by high antibiotic consumption, addresses a gap in current microbiome research. We report an enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae although overall composition is more comparable to other European than non-European cohorts. Community configurations align with established enterotype patterns, and our analysis provides insight into their relationship with within-phylum diversity. The analysis of antimicrobial resistance provides insight into the prevalence of resistance genes within this reservoir. We specifically report the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cfr(E<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet(X5<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a variant from the ubiquitous\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      family, genes not previously reported in healthy European populations. Integration with data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control links the overall prevalence of resistance genes in this reservoir to antibiotic classes with higher community consumption in this population, notably beta-lactams and quinolones, highlighting potential targets for antibiotic stewardship programs. Finally, we investigate the relationship between the microbial profile and the systemic immune responses, inferred from correlations with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      cytokine production. Notably, we identify potential immune-priming roles for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Collinsella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Flavonifractor,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This first comprehensive study of the healthy gut microbiome in a Romanian cohort addresses a gap in current microbiome research, dominated by data sets from a limited number of regions. It sets a baseline for the microbiome and resistome composition of this population, and, while definitions of \u201chealthy\u201d microbiomes, or baseline resistomes, remain lacking, such study helps contextualize future studies and support the monitoring of dynamics. The\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                        abundance suggests a microbiome composition potentially influenced by antimicrobial consumption, a relevant pattern in a region with a high burden of nosocomial infections. In addition, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and the concordance with commonly used antibiotics in the community reinforce the need to address antibiotic use in public health strategies. Although gut microbiome\u2013immunity relationships remain incompletely understood, our findings support a role for microbiome composition in immune-related traits and provide a valuable resource for future studies.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00528-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:00:12Z","timestamp":1786453212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistome and microbiome-immune interactions in an Eastern European population with high antibiotic use"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9733-292X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Mir\u0103u\u021b\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031d5vw30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Human Genomics Laboratory, Functional Genomics Group, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova","place":["Craiova, Romania"]},{"name":"Romanian Bioinformatics Cluster","place":["T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, Romania"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gwbzf29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219","place":["T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219, 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