{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:33:39Z","timestamp":1790062419862,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFA0507304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0507304"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81630057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81630057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              is an enteric protozoan parasite that causes human amebic colitis and extraintestinal abscesses. As a prerequisite for parasite colonization and invasion, adherence of\n              <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              is predominantly mediated by galactose (Gal)- and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc)-inhibitable lectins. The intermediate subunit (Igl) of Gal-\/GalNAc-inhibitable lectin is a cysteine-rich protein containing multiple CXXC motifs and is considered a key factor affecting trophozoite\u2019s pathogenicity. However, details of the function of Igl during parasite adherence remain unclear. Here, using segmentally expressed Igl proteins and a CHO cell model transfected with Igl fragments, we identified a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD)-like region between amino acids 989 and 1,088. Through single- and double-point mutations in the Igl segments, two core CXXC motifs responsible for carbohydrate recognition in the CRD-like region, which are highly conserved among several lectins, were confirmed. In addition to adhesion, the roles of CRD-like region and its core CXXC motifs in various pathogenic effects were further explored. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing an adhesion-related region in\n              <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              Igl. The identification and characterization of this CRD-like region provides further insights into molecular mechanisms underlying\n              <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              pathogenicity and also aids in the determination of a potential drug target in this parasite.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              adhesion mainly depends on galactose (Gal)-\/N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc)-inhibitable lectins, subsequently triggering a series of amebic reactions. Among the three subunits of Gal-\/GalNAc-inhibitable lectin, heavy subunit and intermediate subunit (Igl) have exhibited lectin activity, but that of Igl remains poorly understood. In this study, we confirmed a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD)-like limiting region in\n              <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              Igl and further identified its two core CXXC motifs responsible for carbohydrate recognition. Moreover, the role of Igl's CRD-like region and its CXXC motifs in hemolysis and pathogenic effects was explored. This is the first study to determine an adhesion-related region in\n              <jats:italic>E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n              Igl protein, providing a new reference direction for subsequent research studies. Since the potential homogeneity of galectin-2 in several mammals and Igl CRD-like region, it could be meaningful to relate the corresponding pathogeneses and phenotypes of these two proteins. Except for adhesion, studies on the involvement of Igl CRD-like region in different parasite\u2013host interactions are also promising.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00538-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T13:00:36Z","timestamp":1728046836000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification and characterization of a carbohydrate recognition domain-like region in\n            <i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>\n            Gal\/GalNAc lectin intermediate subunit"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hongze","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, 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