{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:24:54Z","timestamp":1787595894443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have high nutrient content and are rapidly becoming an alternative protein source for animal feed. However, microbial contamination is a potential risk due to the environment in which they are reared. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of fresh and processed BSFL by comparing the processed BSFL using two traditional methods (oven-dried and sun-dried), on their effectiveness at reducing the bacterial load and further elucidated bacterial composition. PCR was used to identify extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      A genes in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., respectively. A total of 51 fresh BSFL samples were collected from a commercial poultry farm in Kitwe, Zambia. The results showed various bacterial genera, with a higher diversity among gram-positive isolates. The comparison of the effectiveness of two traditional processing methods for BSFL, sun-drying and oven-drying, showed that both methods significantly reduced the bacterial load, with oven-drying causing a larger reduction. While various genera were identified, we focused on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. This is because some\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      harbor ESBLs that hydrolyze \u03b2-lactam antibiotics like cephalosporins and penicillin, leading to resistance. Similarly, the genus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was selected since some strains are potentially pathogenic and contain the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      A gene that encodes resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. Molecular characterization of the isolated strains revealed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      genes among\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene was not detected among\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This study revealed that BSFL harbor bacteria of zoonotic significance, emphasizing the need for good processing methods to eliminate potential risks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Isolation and identification of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in processed black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) samples meant for animal feed indicate insufficient processing methods and pose a public health risk. For instance, some\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      harbor extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) that hydrolyze \u03b2-lactam antibiotics like cephalosporins and penicillin, leading to resistance. In addition, some\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      commensals can transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria through horizontal gene transfer using various mobile genetic elements, leading to resistance. Similarly, for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., some strains of the genus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      are potentially pathogenic and contain the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                      A gene that encodes resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics. In this study, we used PCR to screen\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates for the two commonly reported ESBL genes in Zambia,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and Sanger sequencing was used to reveal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>\n                      gene alleles. Our results highlight the importance of using adequate processing methods for BSFL to eliminate potential health risks to animal feed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00570-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T09:00:57Z","timestamp":1750410057000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bacteriological quality of fresh and processed black soldier fly\n                    <i>Hermetia illucens<\/i>\n                    larvae reared on chicken manure in Kitwe, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Prudence","family":"Mapiki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gh19d69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Studies, University of Zambia","place":["Lusaka, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Laiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gh19d69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Studies, University of Zambia","place":["Lusaka, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Mufungwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gh19d69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Zambia","place":["Lusaka, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misheck","family":"Shawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gh19d69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Studies, University of Zambia","place":["Lusaka, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mazuba","family":"Siamujompa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03fgtjr33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, Copperbelt University","place":["Kitwe, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03fgtjr33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Copperbelt University","place":["Kitwe, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngawo","family":"Namukonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03fgtjr33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences, Copperbelt University","place":["Kitwe, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-8167","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Phenny","family":"Mwaanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03fgtjr33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Environmental Engineering, Copperbelt University","place":["Kitwe, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Mudenda","family":"Hang'ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gh19d69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Studies, University of Zambia","place":["Lusaka, Zambia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2018.0017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01864-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2017-0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6100091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.665546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-018-1286-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-67.4.685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9050574"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"CLSI document M100- ED30Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2020. 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