{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:23:50Z","timestamp":1788269030675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Enterococci are common commensals of the human gut and important opportunistic pathogens, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      being the most clinically prevalent species. A significant epidemiological shift has emerged with an increasing clinical burden of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . To compare genomic evolution of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we performed whole-genome sequencing on 93\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 32\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates causing bloodstream infections at a single hospital (2022\u20132024). Analysis of patient demographics revealed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections originated from fewer sources than\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with a higher proportion deriving from intra-abdominal infections. Multilocus sequence typing identified ST78 and ST789 as the predominant sequence types for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium,<\/jats:italic>\n                      whereas ST16 and ST179 were most common for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      carried more antimicrobial resistance genes and putative virulence marker (PVM)-type virulence genes than\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with vancomycin resistance predominantly mediated by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vanHAX<\/jats:italic>\n                      (33\/93, 35.5%) and a single\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolate also carrying\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vanHAX<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1\/32, 3.1%); the structurally incomplete\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vanHMX<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene cluster was detected in 11\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. Pan-genome analysis indicated a larger core genome in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      compared to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      , consistent with greater plasmid replicon diversity in the latter. Intra-host comparisons showed that two\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      pairs from the same patient were clonally related, with one isolate acquiring a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vanHAX<\/jats:italic>\n                      plasmid conferring vancomycin resistance. In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibited marked genomic diversity even among clonally related pairs. These findings suggest that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      possesses greater genomic plasticity and adaptive potential to the clinical environment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study provides a detailed comparison of clinical and genomic features between\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                        from the same hospital setting. We show that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                        isolates, mainly ST78\/ST789, carry more antimicrobial resistance genes and a higher number of putative virulence marker (PVM) genes than\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                        , reflecting their hospital-adapted nature.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                        also exhibits a smaller core genome and greater diversity of plasmid replicon types, indicating higher genomic plasticity and capacity for horizontal gene transfer. By contrast,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                        retains a larger core genome and a set of classical virulence factors, and its within-host isolates are clonally related. These distinct genomic profiles help to understand how the two species adapt to clinical environments and may inform more targeted infection control strategies and resistance surveillance.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00616-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:00:41Z","timestamp":1785934841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative genomic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of bacteremia-causing\n                    <i>Enterococcus faecium<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i>\n                    in a Chinese 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