{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:43:33Z","timestamp":1789749813183,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              is an opportunistic pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) regulate multiple bacterial adaptations to environmental changes, especially virulence. Our previous study showed that sRNA PrrH negatively regulates the expression of a number of virulence factors, such as pyocyanin, rhamnolipid, biofilm, and elastase in the\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              strain PAO1. However, previous studies have shown that the\n              <jats:italic>prrH<\/jats:italic>\n              -deficient mutant attenuates virulence in an acute murine lung infection model. All \u0394\n              <jats:italic>prrH<\/jats:italic>\n              -infected mice survived the entire 28-day course of the experiment, whereas all mice inoculated with the wild-type or the complemented mutant succumbed to lung infection within 4 days of injection, but the specific mechanism is unclear. Herein, we explored how PrrH mediates severe lung injury by regulating the expression of virulence factors.\n              <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              mouse and\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              cellular assays demonstrated that PrrH enhanced the pathogenicity of PAO1, causing severe lung injury. Mechanistically, PrrH binds to the coding sequence region of the mRNA of\n              <jats:italic>exsA<\/jats:italic>\n              , which encodes the type III secretion system master regulatory protein. We further demonstrated that PrrH mediates a severe inflammatory response and exacerbates the apoptosis of A549 cells. Overall, our results revealed that PrrH positively regulates ExsA, enhances the pathogenicity of\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              , and causes severe lung injury.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              is a Gram-negative bacterium and the leading cause of nosocomial pneumonia. The pathogenicity of\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              is due to the secretion of many virulence factors. Small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) regulate various bacterial adaptations, especially virulence. Therefore, understanding the mechanism by which sRNAs regulate virulence is necessary for understanding the pathogenicity of\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              and the treatment of the related disease. In this study, we demonstrated that PrrH enhances the pathogenicity of\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              by binding to the coding sequence regions of the ExsA, the master regulatory protein of type III secretion system, causing severe lung injury and exacerbating the inflammatory response and apoptosis. These findings revealed that PrrH is a crucial molecule that positively regulates ExsA. Type III-positive strains are often associated with a high mortality rate in\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              infections in clinical practice. Therefore, this discovery may provide a new target for treating\n              <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n              infections, especially type III-positive strains.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00626-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T18:32:54Z","timestamp":1706639574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The small RNA PrrH aggravates\n            <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n            -induced acute lung injury by regulating the type III secretion system activator ExsA"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0326-8494","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qixuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese 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