{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:42:44Z","timestamp":1792291364135,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UT2GM148080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UT2GM148080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2331477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2331477"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AFRI-2020-67014-32496"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AFRI-2020-67014-32496"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20 GM121310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 GM121310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental caries is initiated by the adherence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      to tooth surfaces, leading to biofilm (plaque) formation and the production of enamel-eroding acids. Sortase A (SrtA) plays a critical role in this process because it anchors many protein adhesins to the bacterial cell wall, making it a promising target for plaque prevention. Our previous research demonstrated that edible polyphenols from maple extracts\u2014nortrachelogenin-8\u2032-O-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside, lariciresinol, isoscopoletin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG)\u2014inhibit SrtA in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and act as antibiofilm agents. Using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      modeling based on the X-ray structure of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      SrtA, we found that maple polyphenols, as well as a related compound, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), bind\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      SrtA with favorable free energy values. These polyphenols inhibited sortase activity\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and reduced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      attachment to hydroxyapatite discs, which mimic tooth surfaces, as well as to acrylic false teeth. Among the tested compounds, ECG exhibited the strongest antibiofilm activity at a 100 \u00b5M concentration, significantly outperforming EGCG. Notably, this effect was independent of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain tested. ECG is not only present in maple extracts but is also abundant in green and black tea. Given their efficacy, safety, and natural abundance, we propose that aqueous maple extracts or ECG alone could serve as a safe, cost-effective strategy for preventing dental caries. This approach may be particularly beneficial for young children, for whom antimicrobial oral hygiene products pose toxicity concerns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study highlights the potential of natural compounds from maple to combat\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                        , the bacteria responsible for tooth decay. We identified sortase inhibition as a key mechanism by which maple-derived polyphenols prevent the formation of biofilms on tooth-like surfaces. One of these compounds, (-)-epicatechin gallate, which is also abundant in tea leaves, emerges as a powerful and safe alternative to traditional plaque-fighting agents. Its natural abundance, affordability, and lack of toxicity make it especially promising for inclusion in oral care products like mouthwashes, offering a safer option for children who often accidentally swallow them.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00693-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T14:47:12Z","timestamp":1754578032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maple polyphenols inhibit sortase and drastically reduce\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>\n                    biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Elbakush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01485tq96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming","place":["Laramie, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Trunschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01485tq96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming","place":["Laramie, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-3932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Gomelsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01485tq96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming","place":["Laramie, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Global oral health status report: towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. 2022. 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