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The discovery of novel agents with inhibitory effects on\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              is essential to develop effective strategies against dental caries. Plant extracts are a rich source of novel chemicals for the discovery of more effective antimicrobial agents.\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coptis chinensis<\/jats:italic>\n              Franch. is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with various pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of berberine (BBR), a bioactive alkaloid isolated from\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coptis chinensis<\/jats:italic>\n              Franch., on the biofilm formation of\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              and to investigate the relevant mechanism of its action. The study found that BBR inhibited the growth of planktonic\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              , as demonstrated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, and growth curve assay. BBR was found to inhibit biofilm formation and exhibit antimicrobial effects on\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              , as demonstrated by crystal violet staining assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and CFU counting assay. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of BBR on the virulence of\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              was evaluated by the anthrone-sulfuric method and lactic acid assay. Bacterial aggregation assay, membrane potential assay, and transmission electron microscopy were used to preliminarily elucidate the membrane-destructive bactericidal mechanism of BBR. The expression of virulence genes\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gtfB<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gtfC<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gtfD<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ldh<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vicR<\/jats:italic>\n              ,\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">liaR<\/jats:italic>\n              , and\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">comD<\/jats:italic>\n              was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The cell viability assay on human oral cells and macrophages demonstrated that BBR exhibited no cytotoxicity to the tested host cells. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that BBR has significant anticaries activity against\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n              and has the potential to be further developed as a novel anticaries agent for clinical use.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Dental caries is a chronic disease affecting people worldwide, which could cause a series of oral problems. Plant-derived compounds have shown antimicrobial properties against a wide range of pathogens. This study investigated the antimicrobial effect of BBR on\n                <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                , including the inhibitory effect on the planktonic bacteria growth, biofilm formation, virulence factors, and explored the mechanism and biocompatibility of BBR. This study demonstrated the significant anticaries activity of BBR against\n                <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                and its potential to be further developed as a novel anticaries agent for clinical prevention and treatment of dental caries.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00700-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T10:44:07Z","timestamp":1754995447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inhibitory effects of berberine against\n            <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>\n            : an\n            <i>in vitro<\/i>\n            insight on its anticaries potential"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0325-6469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chongmai","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1779-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]},{"name":"Shandong Second Medical University","place":["Weifang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongcheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University","place":["Guangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"945","volume-title":"Molecular medical microbiology","author":"Lamont RJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lamont RJ, Egland PG. 2015. 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