{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:09:03Z","timestamp":1785409743378,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Youth Scientific Research Cultivation Foundation project of the Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University","award":["DFPY2024029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFPY2024029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cronobacter sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an opportunistic pathogen that can contaminate infant formula, resulting in meningitis and neurological disorders in infants. Bacteriophages have been consistently identified as effective inhibitors of pathogenic bacteria. In this study, a lytic phage, Csp-D17, was isolated from environmental wastewater, and its characterization, genomics, and application were analyzed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the phage belonged to the order\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caudoviricetes<\/jats:italic>\n                      within the family\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ackermannviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The phage Csp-D17 exhibited notable stability across varied thermal and pH conditions, with an optimal multiplicity of infection of 0.01 and a lysis capacity of 40 plaque-forming units per infected cell. Evaluation of its host range revealed lytic activity against 4 out of 11 tested strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (36.4%). The frequency of insensitive mutations in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      D17 to phage Csp-D17 was 3.8 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                      . High-dose phage treatment was more effective in inhibiting the growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      D17 in the powdered infant formula model, which was correlated with its short latency period, high lysis amount\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and low frequency of insensitive mutations in the host bacteria. The results demonstrated that phage Csp-D17 was not lysogenic. Furthermore, the genomic study of phage Csp-D17 revealed that the genome structure of this phage was a double-stranded DNA molecule with a length of 143,081 base pairs, a guanine + cytosine content of 46.42%, 233 open reading frames (the average gene length is 553 base pairs), and it does not contain any genes related to virulence or lysogenicity. Furthermore, the genetic function, expression mechanism\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and phylogenetic diversity of Csp-D17 were analyzed by genomic comparison. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing novel biocontrol agents based on phage control of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study significantly advances the field of food safety biocontrol by identifying and characterizing Csp-D17, a novel lytic phage specifically targeting\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cronobacter sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Through comprehensive morphological, physiological, and whole-genomic analyses, Csp-D17 is rigorously confirmed as a distinct and well-defined viral agent. The demonstration that Csp-D17 can serve as a potent biocontrol agent against\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                        in powdered infant formula highlights its direct practical application in mitigating a critical pathogen responsible for severe neonatal infections. This work not only contributes a new tool to the antimicrobial arsenal but also provides a foundational framework for developing phage-based strategies to enhance the safety of food products, particularly those intended for vulnerable populations.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00731-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T14:03:28Z","timestamp":1762869808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization, genomics, and applications of the\n                    <i>Cronobacter sakazakii<\/i>\n                    bacteriophage Csp-D17"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yue-yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Yangpu District Kongjiang Hospital","place":["Shanghai, 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