{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:23:30Z","timestamp":1791638610580,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and risk factors linked to\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              infections through a nationwide hospital-based diarrheal disease surveillance in Bangladesh. From May 2014 to May 2022, from a systematic sentinel surveillance of\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              infections in over 10 hospitals across Bangladesh, stool specimens were collected from patients with acute watery diarrhea and tested for\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              species by microbiological culture. The susceptibility to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method. Structured questionnaires were used to collect participants\u2019 socioeconomic status and clinical, sanitation, and food history. Out of 24,357 stool specimens, 1.8% were positive for\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              species, with a higher prevalence among males (58%). Children in the 6\u201317 age group were found to be at the highest risk of\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              infections. The most prevalent serotype was\n              <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n              (79.5%), followed by\n              <jats:italic>Shigella sonnei. S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n              serotype 2a was the most common (63.3%) among all\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              serotypes. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed over 99% of isolates resistant or with intermediate susceptibility to one of the seven antibiotics tested. About 96% of\n              <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n              and all\n              <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n              isolates demonstrated resistance to at least one quinolone class of antibiotics, particularly ciprofloxacin or nalidixic acid.\n              <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n              showed higher antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance compared to\n              <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n              . The high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin highlights the need for more prudent use of this antibiotic and improved hygiene and sanitation. The study emphasized the importance of regular monitoring of drug resistance to effectively manage\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              infections. These findings may provide the epidemiological evidence for conducting future appropriate\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              vaccine clinical trials in Bangladesh.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              This nationwide study in Bangladesh assessed\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              infections from 2014 to 2022 from clinical samples.\n              <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n              was predominant, with concerning antibiotic resistance, notably to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid in over 96% of isolates. This emphasizes the urgency of prudent antibiotic use and improved hygiene. The findings provide crucial antimicrobial resistance patterns of\n              <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n              species, highlighting the need for ongoing resistance monitoring and potentially informing future vaccine trials.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00739-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T14:01:21Z","timestamp":1731592881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of\n            <i>Shigella<\/i>\n            strains in Bangladesh over the period of 2014\u20132022: evidence from a nationwide hospital-based surveillance for cholera and other diarrheal diseases"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9627-7877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mokibul Hassan","family":"Afrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Taufiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin Ara","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Saifullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Ahmmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahid Hasan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakir Hossain","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR)","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Nawsher","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR)","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahmina","family":"Shirin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR)","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3755-4763","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Taufiqur Rahman","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0169-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward T.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital","place":["Boston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraful Islam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8928-9888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh","place":["Dhaka, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30362-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30475-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2017.1409454"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000958"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"158","article-title":"Increasing spectrum in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella isolates in Bangladesh: resistance to azithromycin and ceftriaxone and decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin","volume":"25","author":"Rahman M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rahman M, Shoma S, Rashid H, El Arifeen S, Baqui AH, Siddique AK, Nair GB, Sack DA. 2007. 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