{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:35:07Z","timestamp":1787016907526,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AI148913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI148913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"UTMB | Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NBAF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NBAF"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Bpm<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes melioidosis in humans, a neglected, underreported, and lethal disease that can reach a fatal outcome in over 50% of the cases. It can produce both acute and chronic infections, the latter being particularly challenging to eliminate because of the intracellular life cycle of the bacteria and its ability to generate a \u201cpersister\u201d dormant state. The molecular mechanism that allows the switch between growing and persister phenotypes is not well understood but it is hypothesized to be due at least in part to the participation of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. We have previously studied the link between one of those systems (defined as HigBA) with specific expression patterns associated with levofloxacin antibiotic exposure. Through\n                      <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      methods, we predicted the presence of another three pairs of genes encoding for additional putative HigBA systems. Therefore, our main goal was to establish which mechanisms are conserved as well as which pathways are specific among different\n                      <jats:italic>Bpm<\/jats:italic>\n                      TA systems from the same family. We hypothesize that the high prevalence, and sometimes even redundancy of these systems in the\n                      <jats:italic>Bpm<\/jats:italic>\n                      chromosomes indicates that they can interact with each other and not function as only individual systems, as it was traditionally thought, and might be playing an undefined role in\n                      <jats:italic>Bpm<\/jats:italic>\n                      lifecycle. Here, we show that both the toxin and the antitoxin of the different systems contribute to bacterial survival and that toxins from the same family can have a cumulative effect under environmental stressful conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play a significant role in bacterial persistence, a phenomenon where bacterial cells enter a dormant or slow-growing state to survive adverse conditions such as nutrient deprivation, antibiotic exposure, or host immune responses. By studying TA systems in\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , we can gain insights into how this pathogen survives and persists in the host environment, contributing to its virulence and ability to cause melioidosis chronic infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00748-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T09:01:32Z","timestamp":1719306092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Unraveling the role of toxin-antitoxin systems in\n                    <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/i>\n                    : exploring bacterial pathogenesis and interactions within the HigBA families"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-4499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Itziar","family":"Chapartegui-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob L.","family":"Stockton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bowser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Badten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6450-0643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alfredo G.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00972-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00620-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403302101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76186-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73887-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00035-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00070-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.201900290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.346"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1127786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00763-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/mge.26219"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12060422"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102212119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.10.3116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085500"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.14.4121-4130.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky427"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1074"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2008.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2017.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00237-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2429-2437.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz854"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55460\/WEJ5-A5CA"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00739-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03339"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140073"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v30i2.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf4268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43631-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65504-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2207.07032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160741"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2020.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01659-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01182-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq054"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00378-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01658-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06552-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01872"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15966-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-102215-095531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.635"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.619038"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00748-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00748-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T09:05:46Z","timestamp":1722935146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00748-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Blondel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00748-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00748-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00748-24"}}