{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:53Z","timestamp":1785437933325,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI181635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI181635"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral candidiasis (OC) is caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , targeting immunocompromised individuals and developing drug resistance, highlighting the need for advanced therapeutics. Polyphenols such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and ellagic acid (EA) display antifungal and immune-modulating properties. Incorporating CAPE and EA in gellan gum (GG) formulation enhances their applicability and effectiveness against OC. We developed GG-based formulations loaded with CAPE (1,000 \u00b5g\/mL), EA (1,000 \u00b5g\/mL), or CAPE + EA (1,000 \u00b5g\/mL each) against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . GG formulations containing gellan (0.6% and 1.0%), genipin (5 mM), polyethylene glycol 400 (0.5%), and sorbitan monooleate 80 (0.5%) demonstrated enhanced release of CAPE and EA. The 0.6% GG formulation reduced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      CFU by 2\u20136 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      within 30 min (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and biofilm mass by 48% (CAPE,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0034), 60.7% (EA,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0980), and 70% (CAPE + EA,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0181). Both 0.6% and 1.0% GG formulations inhibited hyphae (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). GG formulations showed high viability of human red blood cells (92%\u201394%) and human gingival cells (61%\u201369%). In artificial chewing simulations (ACS), 0.6% GG exhibited 67.7% (30 min), 55.9% (60 min), and 35.8% (120 min) for CAPE release, and 48.2% (30 min), 45.1% (60 min), and 42.1% (120 min) for EA. In 1% GG, about 44.07% (30 min), 43.8% (60 min), and 29.5% (120 min) of CAPE and 55.8% (30 min), 49.6% (60 min), and 50.6% (120 min) of EA were released. The present study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of CAPE- and EA-loaded GG formulations against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      under ACS, thereby supporting their potential development for OC treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        causes OC and presents challenges due to rising antifungal resistance and recurrence in immunocompromised patients. Existing antifungal treatments for OC often fail due to limited bioavailability, short retention times, adverse side effects, and the bitter taste of formulations, impacting patient adherence. CAPE and EA are recognized for their antifungal and immunomodulatory properties but face practical limitations in therapeutic applications, such as poor bioavailability and stability. The present study addresses these challenges by developing GG-based formulations incorporating CAPE and EA. The formulation exhibited significant antifungal efficacy against\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        biofilms and hyphal formation, reducing fungal viability under simulated mechanical chewing conditions. These GG-based systems showed minimal cytotoxicity, indicating promising biocompatibility and suitability for oral application. Therefore, the study presents the first report of CAPE\/EA-loaded GG formulations under simulated chewing that highlights the importance of innovative therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes in OC treatment.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00798-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T12:58:11Z","timestamp":1754485091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gellan gum formulations containing natural polyphenolic compounds to treat oral candidiasis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9027-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narchonai","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-3162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lewis Oscar","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biswajit","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-0999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charilaos","family":"Dellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital","place":["Houston, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gnjpq42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","place":["Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadi","family":"Shehadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital","place":["Houston, USA"]},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gds6c39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry","place":["Houston, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008zs3103","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Rice University","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lissette A.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gds6c39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Core, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry","place":["Houston, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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