{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:40:55Z","timestamp":1792510855797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The symbionts of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chamaecrista fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a caesalpinioid legume, were isolated from plants growing in native soil or by host trapping. To these, we added strains from the United States Department of Agriculture and strains isolated earlier from nodules of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chamaecrista nictitans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The phylogeny of 16 strains was determined by examining and comparing sequences of their\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rrs<\/jats:italic>\n                      (16S rRNA) genes, the intergenic transcribed spacer region, two \u201ccore\u201d housekeeping genes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">recA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">dnaK<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and two symbiotic (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nodA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nifH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) genes. Seven strains were whole-genome sequenced and compared phylogenomically to related strains isolated from Caesalpinioideae nodules. All the symbionts belonged to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. dispersed in both Mega Clades-I and II, with some forming novel clusters and others sharing similarities with previously reported\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chamaecrista<\/jats:italic>\n                      symbionts. All strains nodulated and enhanced\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth in nitrogen-free axenic conditions. The draft genomes of seven\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chamaecrista<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were sequenced, including four isolated from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the United States (CFUW1, CFUSD1, CFUMN1, and USDA3010) and three from Brazil (JHI2701, JHI2711, and Cens1A). Comparative genomic analysis based on average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization suggested that six strains were closely related to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium frederickii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium ferriligni<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium elkanii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium australafricanum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , \u201c\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium brasilense,<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201d and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Meanwhile, the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain USDA3010 and the non-mimosoid Caesalpinioideae\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Dimorphandra wilsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain DW12.5 are potential new species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The legume-rhizobium symbiosis is of immense economic and ecological importance, but most knowledge about its evolution and molecular biology has been obtained through the intense study of only two to three \u201cmodel\u201d species in the subfamily Papilionoideae, while nodulating symbioses in the sister subfamily, the Caesalpinioideae, which have a separate but parallel evolutionary history, are less well understood.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chamaecrista fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                        appears to be exclusively nodulated by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium<\/jats:italic>\n                        , particularly\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradyrhizobium frederickii<\/jats:italic>\n                        . We propose the symbiosis between\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. fasciculata<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. frederickii<\/jats:italic>\n                        CFUW1 as a model system to examine the parallel evolution (to the Papilionoideae) of symbiotic nodulation in the Caesalpinioideae.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00798-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:03:20Z","timestamp":1787144600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative genomic analysis of North American\n                    <i>Bradyrhizobium<\/i>\n                    symbionts of\n                    <i>Chamaecrista fasciculata<\/i>\n                    (Caesalpinioideae) with 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