{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:55:55Z","timestamp":1790690155453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EEQ\/2021\/000769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EEQ\/2021\/000769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011652","name":"Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Host-microbe interactions extend beyond infection, involving microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, and other bioactive compounds, that influence host physiology and development. Using\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , an excellent model organism for host-microbe interactions, we demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium significantly accelerates\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      growth through a vitamin B12-dependent mechanism affecting methionine metabolism. We measured the reproductive maturity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      via embryo and oocyte production in response to various\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      virulence factor mutants and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains deficient in cobalamin, folate, and methionine synthesis pathways. We found that the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella cbiB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">metH<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes are essential for rapid development in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Moreover, the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans metr-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant, which lacks functional methionine synthase, did not exhibit increased reproductive maturity when fed on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      OP50 supplemented with vitamin B12. However, methionine supplementation rescued this phenotype, indicating that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                      obtains vitamin B12 from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhimurium, enhancing the methionine\/S-adenosylmethionine (MET\/SAM) cycle. We further observed that the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans sams-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant, deficient in SAM synthase, showed growth defects and reduced oocyte production when fed on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      or OP50 supplemented with vitamin B12 or methionine, respectively. Thus, SAM emerges as a key link between bacterial vitamin B12 metabolism and host reproduction. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      increases vitellogenin-2 expression, reduces glutathione S-transferase activity, and decreases mitochondrial function. However, \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cbiB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">metH<\/jats:italic>\n                      reversed the beneficial effects of vitamin B12-dependent methionine on vitellogenesis and oxidative stress, suggesting that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      promotes vitellogenesis and reduces oxidative stress through vitamin B12-dependent mitochondrial regulation, linking microbial metabolism to host development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Understanding the interactions between hosts and pathogens is essential for improving host health.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                        obtains micronutrients from diet, gut microbiota, and supplements, but the contribution of microbiota in nutrient absorption is not fully understood. Bacterial metabolism may influence micronutrient status and pathogenicity, resulting in both positive and adverse health effects on the host. This study demonstrates that pathogenic\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        can serve as a nutritional source for\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                        when the two organisms coexist in the same environment. The findings suggest that, rather than being solely detrimental,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        can alter the metabolism of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                        , highlighting a complex interaction between the pathogen and its host. This relationship may provide insights into the ecological dynamics of microbial communities and their influence on host physiology and development.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00827-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:03:21Z","timestamp":1790687001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium vitamin B12-dependent methionine metabolism regulates\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n                    development and vitellogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0735-1388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chamjailiu","family":"Daimai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of 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