{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:11:48Z","timestamp":1787587908828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20185110628802018511062880, 2020-38821-31082, 5-208070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20185110628802018511062880, 2020-38821-31082, 5-208070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Concerns remain about foodborne pathogen contamination risks to integrated crop-livestock farm (ICLF) fresh produce due to farm animal proximity to crop fields and use of biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO). This study aimed to evaluate the extent of microbial contamination in Maryland\u2019s Eastern Shore ICLFs and compare results with those from corresponding samples from crop-only farms (COFs), farmers\u2019 markets, and supermarkets. Altogether, 1,782 soil, animal reservoir, water, and produce samples from ICLFs, COFs, farmers\u2019 markets, and supermarkets were analyzed following standard methods. Total aerobic bacterial counts and generic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      were enumerated using petrifilms, whereas\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and Shiga toxin-producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (STEC) and virulence factors (VFs) were detected by culturing and PCR confirmation. ICLF soil health parameters were evaluated pre- and post-BSAAO incorporation. Animal pen samples and BSAAOs, which generally improved ICLF soil health parameters, harbored more pathogens and generic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Samples of ICLF produce (0.39%, 1.95%, and 13.62%) and soils (2.04%, 2.72%, and 20.86%) had higher\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and STEC\/VF-gene prevalence than COF produce (0.00%, 0.00%, and 5.33%) and soils (1.33%, 0.00%, and 20.00%), respectively. Pathogen contamination was relatively low in retail environments where\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      were each isolated from one farmers\u2019 market produce, whereas STEC\/VF-genes were found in one supermarket produce. Overall, the most frequent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovars were Bareilly and Newport, whereas the highest detected STEC serovars and VF-genes were O103 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">stx<\/jats:italic>\n                      2. Produce contamination in ICLFs and farmers\u2019 markets was greater than that of traditional counterparts, indicating the importance of continued research\/education regarding produce safety for producers and consumers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Shifts in consumer demand have led to notable increases in integrated crop-livestock farms (ICLFs), which are major contributors to popular farmers' markets. However, production practices in these settings, like manure-based soil amendments and the lack of food safety regulation enforcement, have raised concerns regarding potential foodborne illness cases and outbreaks. This study provides valuable information on the prevalence and comparison of three major foodborne bacterial pathogens and indicator microorganisms in ICLF, crop-only farm (COF), farmers\u2019 market, and supermarket environments.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        ,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                        , and Shiga toxin-producing\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                        were detected more frequently in ICLF and farmers\u2019 market samples compared with COF and supermarket samples, respectively. However, at least one pathogen was detected in each setting. Findings from this study highlight that, regardless of studied settings, the contamination risks associated with fresh produce production on the Maryland Eastern Shore will contribute to developing food safety standards in various produce production environments.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00862-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T12:00:33Z","timestamp":1761566433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrated crop-livestock farming systems influence the incidence of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    , Shiga toxin-producing\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    , and indicator bacteria on fresh produce"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9151-0458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Goodwyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006cymg18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore","place":["Princess Anne, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Millner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS-Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory","place":["Beltsville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha Jeewantha","family":"Punchihewage-Don","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006cymg18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore","place":["Princess Anne, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006cymg18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore","place":["Princess Anne, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034xvzb47","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","place":["College Park, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Haymaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02smfhw86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech","place":["Painter, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawzy","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006cymg18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore","place":["Princess Anne, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chyer","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04esvpn06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Agricultural Research Station, Virginia State University","place":["Petersburg, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debabrata","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Avian Sciences and Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland","place":["College Park, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-3847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salina","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006cymg18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore","place":["Princess Anne, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-204"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13265"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"Carlson A Raszap S. 2023. 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