{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:24:26Z","timestamp":1788279866788,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014220","name":"Innovative Genomics Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014220","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Pfizer, Inc.","award":["61775823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61775823"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Most pneumococcal disease occurs among infants and older adults and is thought to be driven by the transmission of\n              <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n              from young children to these vulnerable age groups. However, pneumococcal disease outbreaks also affect non-elderly adults living or working in congregate, close-contact settings. Little is known about pneumococcal carriage in such populations. From July to November 2020, we collected saliva from low-income adult farmworkers in Monterey County, California, and tested for pneumococcal carriage following culture enrichment via quantitative PCR assays targeting the pneumococcal\n              <jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>piaB<\/jats:italic>\n              genes. Participants were considered to carry pneumococci if\n              <jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>piaB<\/jats:italic>\n              cycle threshold values were both below 40. Among 1,283 participants enrolled in our study, 117 (9.1%) carried pneumococci. Carriers tended more often than non-carriers to be exposed to children aged &lt;5 years [odds ratio (OR) = 1.45 (0.95\u20132.20)] and overcrowding [OR = 1.48 (0.96\u20132.30) and 2.84 (1.20\u20136.73), respectively, for participants in households with &gt;2\u20134 and &gt;4 persons per bedroom vs \u22642 persons per bedroom]. Household overcrowding remained associated with increased risk of carriage among participants not exposed to children aged &lt;5 years [OR = 2.05 (1.18\u20133.59) for participants living in households with &gt;2 vs \u22642 persons per bedroom]. Exposure to children aged &lt;5 years and overcrowding were each associated with increased pneumococcal density among carriers [\n              <jats:italic>piaB<\/jats:italic>\n              c\n              <jats:italic>\n                <jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\n              <\/jats:italic>\n              difference of 2.04 (0.36\u20133.73) and 2.44 (0.80\u20134.11), respectively]. While exposure to young children was a predictor of pneumococcal carriage, associations of overcrowding with increased prevalence and density of carriage in households without young children suggest that transmission also occurs among adults in close-contact settings.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Although infants and older adults are the groups most commonly affected by pneumococcal disease, outbreaks are known to occur among healthy, working-age populations exposed to overcrowding, including miners, shipyard workers, military recruits, and prisoners. Carriage of\n                <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                is the precursor to pneumococcal disease, and its relation to overcrowding in adult populations is poorly understood. We used molecular methods to characterize pneumococcal carriage in culture-enriched saliva samples from low-income adult farmworkers in Monterey County, CA. While exposure to children in the household was an important risk factor for pneumococcal carriage, living in an overcrowded household without young children was an independent predictor of carriage as well. Moreover, participants exposed to children or overcrowding carried pneumococci at higher density than those without such exposures, suggesting recent transmission. Our findings suggest that, in addition to transmission from young children, pneumococcal transmission may occur independently among adults in overcrowded settings.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00879-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T13:02:11Z","timestamp":1721134931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Upper respiratory\n            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n            colonization among working-age adults with prevalent exposure to overcrowding"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Parker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases &amp; 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