{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:09:28Z","timestamp":1789736968250,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Probiotics interact in a mutualistic way with humans. Exposure of probiotics to sublethal concentrations of commonly prescribed antibiotics can cause resistance to arise. Over 1,000 generations, we performed an adaptive laboratory evolution experiment to determine if the fitness of the probiotic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is altered by exposure to doxycycline (DOX) at one-tenth of the minimal inhibitory concentration. Compared to the original culture,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposed to sublethal DOX acquired modest resistance (~4-fold) over time. When the selection pressure was removed, resistance was lost rapidly in ~50 generations. This suggests that resistance, once acquired, is not fixed. The mechanism by which resistance is acquired and subsequently lost was investigated by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Analysis of the single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) identified in the WGS of the generation 1,000 DOX-treated cultures reveals 16 distinct variants across 15 genes. Two of these variants are in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, which encodes ribosomal protein S10, a component of the 30S ribosomal subunit, and result in non-synonymous mutations (H56Y and S94N). This gene has been previously reported to harbor mutations associated with tetracycline-class resistance, including DOX and tigecycline. WGS of archived cells from generations 350 and 750 reveals that one of these\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants (H56Y) arises early in the experiment. Additional\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants at position 57 (K57M and K57I) could be identified within intermediate generations. Most\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                      SNVs identified from the WGS could be verified by colony PCR and Sanger sequencing. Importantly, no\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants are observed in the original culture sequences or in same-generation controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Probiotics are beneficial bacteria often found in fermented foods and beverages. When consumed, they can colonize the gut and provide several advantages. Antibiotics, even at levels too low to kill bacteria, can exert pressure that leads to antibiotic resistance. Though well studied in harmful bacteria, the effects this may have on probiotics are less well understood. Using experimental evolution, we grew a popular probiotic,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                        , in the presence of a low concentration of doxycycline, one of the most highly prescribed antibiotics in the US. Over the course of 5 months, roughly a thousand generations, the probiotic became ~4-fold more resistant; once we removed the antibiotic and continued the experiment, this resistance disappeared rapidly. DNA sequencing identified variants in the\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene, which encodes a protein important for translation. As doxycycline interferes with this process, the\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                        variants may underlie the emergence of the modest resistance we observe.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00892-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:00:40Z","timestamp":1789736440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gain and loss of acquired doxycycline resistance in\n                    <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/i>\n                    : an adaptive laboratory evolution study"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"given":"Bryce","family":"Pierce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia Love","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooks","family":"Floyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4961-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Antwi-Fordjour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-0274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Hataway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4109-1466","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brad C.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040cz635","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Samford University","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032412"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2026.25.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1709060"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9361614"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181b2683f"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10150-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Alexander Fleming: Discovery and Development of Penicillin. Am Chem Soc Int Hist Chem Landmarks. 2023. Am Chem Soc Int Hist Chem Landmarks. Available from: www.acs.org\/content\/acs\/en\/education\/whatischemistry\/landmarks\/flemingpenicillin.html. Retrieved 22 Jan 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10388"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). 2019. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States 2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. 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Retrieved 30 Jul 2026."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004827.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006095.pub5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803925"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"contributor":[{"given":"J. Jeffrey","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"reviewer"}]}],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00892-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00892-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:00:44Z","timestamp":1789736444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00892-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cheryl P.","family":"Andam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00892-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00892-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00892-26"}}