{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:40:43Z","timestamp":1792510843556,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anelloviruses are highly diverse, ubiquitous single-stranded DNA viruses whose replication, cellular reservoirs, and mechanisms of persistence remain poorly understood. Here, we identify and characterize an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alphatorquevirus homin29<\/jats:italic>\n                      genome stably integrated into an rDNA locus of human chromosome 21 in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line SKNO-1. Large-scale mining of NCBI Sequence Read Archive data sets revealed unusually high anellovirus k-mer abundance specifically in sequencing runs of the SKNO-1 cell line from multiple laboratories.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">De novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      assembly of RNA-Seq data recovered a 3.25 kb viral genome, and long-read PacBio sequencing confirmed its integration within the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">RNA45SN2<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene on human chromosome 21. Digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) quantified ~0.5 viral genomes per cell, and RT-ddPCR detected transcripts from ORF1 and viral integration-associated flanking repeats, consistent with transcription of the integrant. The ORF1 coding sequence encoded a truncated but structurally conserved capsid protein retaining jelly roll and P-domain features, but lacking the C-terminal domain. Analysis of public ChIP-Seq data from the SKNO-1 cell line demonstrated broad occupancy of the BRD4 transcriptional coactivator across the viral genome, along with focal enrichment of hematopoietic ETS family transcription factors within the integrant\u2019s ~300 bp untranslated region upstream of viral open reading frames. Together, these findings demonstrate stable integration, chromatin accommodation, and transcriptional maintenance of an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alphatorquevirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a human leukemia cell line, providing a unique model to study host tolerance and transcriptional regulation of anellovirus DNA, and informing our understanding of anellovirus hematopoietic cell tropism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Anelloviruses are a curious group of single-stranded DNA viruses with substantial genetic diversity that have been found ubiquitously among humans and are hypothesized to be a potential commensal human virus. Their omnipresence has been matched only by the dearth of our understanding of their basic biological processes\u2014how they persist, how they replicate, and how they spread. Here, we identify a naturally integrated\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alphatorquevirus<\/jats:italic>\n                        genome in the widely used AML cell line SKNO-1 and show that it is stably maintained, transcribed, and embedded within a rDNA locus on human chromosome 21. This discovery highlights the ability of anelloviruses to integrate into human DNA, generates hypotheses around transcription factors used in anellovirus gene transcription, and suggests anelloviruses can persist in myeloblasts.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00904-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:00:52Z","timestamp":1788181252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integration of an anellovirus genome in the SKNO-1 acute myeloid leukemia cell line"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Na","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Goya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli A.","family":"Piliper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-0527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Greninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00cvxb145","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine","place":["Seattle, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04rxrdv16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center","place":["Seattle, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.7765"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00785-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03187-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2023.02.1417"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14857"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2020.01.1023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1215868"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2516306122"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01370-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16071099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80573-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01586-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00866-25"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.21.9980-9986.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6505-6510.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02472-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08418.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI158419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022019306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.349284.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44491-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-023-05903-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51064-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2021.1925161"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302661"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021011677"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022007256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-202323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02956"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.657245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.19.10820-10824.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00175-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1469016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00402-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29674"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.10.2.785-793.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2025.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.346106.120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty191"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae197"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv416"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4792"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00904-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.00904-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:52:36Z","timestamp":1792507956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.00904-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Pelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.00904-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00904-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00904-26"}}