{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:52:20Z","timestamp":1786117940219,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      in wild boars in Northeast Germany was investigated. To also detect small numbers of the bacteria by the help of cold enrichment, tonsils of 81 wild boars hunted in 2023\/2024 were stored for 12 weeks at 4\u00b0C, followed by freezing until usage. The presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      in thawed tonsils was analyzed by cultural detection using a method based on a previously published protocol, including filtration and centrifugation steps and a selective enrichment for 6 h.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      could be isolated from every animal.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were recovered from 96% and 21% of the tonsils, respectively. In addition, we isolated eight other\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. aleksiciae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. bercovieri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. frederiksenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. kristensenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. massiliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. mollaretii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. rohdei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; the most prevalent of those was\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. kristensenii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (41.9%). A total of 1,105\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (1\u2013116 per sample) were examined by multiplex PCR, revealing that two tonsils contained pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                      1B\/O:8, whereas all other isolates belonged to biotype (BT) 1A. One hundred eleven isolates were sequenced. The enterotoxin gene\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ystB<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in every BT 1A isolate, while some of them additionally possessed the virulence genes\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ail<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">myfA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tccC. Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates belonged to BT 1 or 2 and either to the sero\/sequence type O:1a\/42, O:1\/43, or O:2a\/14. The study suggests that wild boars are a natural reservoir for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and that the animals may be involved in their spread and in the contamination of vegetables like carrots and salad.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia enterocolitica<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                        are zoonotic agents, which may infect humans and a broad range of animals. PCR analyses suggest that these species are widespread in the environment, even though exact prevalence data are rare due to the fact that the isolation of the bacteria is still challenging. We therefore developed a protocol, which allows a sensitive and quick cultural detection of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                        in meat samples. In this study, the protocol was used in conjunction with a long cold enrichment for the isolation of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                        from tonsils of wild boars. It turned out that wild boars indeed are carriers for numerous\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia<\/jats:italic>\n                        species. Of great significance here is a high prevalence of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Since the bacteria occur in both the tonsils and the gut, it cannot be excluded that they may be transmitted by wild boars to other animals and to plants through direct contact or fecal shedding.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00934-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:28:48Z","timestamp":1783006128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High\n                    <i>Yersinia<\/i>\n                    prevalence in tonsils of wild boars hunted in Northeast Germany using a novel protocol including long cold enrichment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6930-4358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jens 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