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We compared endophytic bacterial and fungal communities between male and female individuals of four dioecious species\u2014\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Eucommia ulmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Taxus wallichiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mairei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Morus alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014by high-throughput sequencing of bark (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. ulmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. wallichiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mairei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and leaves (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. biloba<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Sex significantly influenced the assembly of bacterial and fungal communities in all species. Bacterial alpha diversity (Shannon index) was significantly higher in males than females for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. ulmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. wallichiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mairei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The bacterial phylum Spirochaetota was only detected in male samples of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. ulmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">G. biloba<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while the fungal genera\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Albophoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Striaticonidium<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected only in female samples across all four species. Acidobacteria were significantly enriched in males of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. ulmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. wallichiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mairei<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas the fungal genus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Sporidesmium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was more abundant in females of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. wallichiana<\/jats:italic>\n                      var.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mairei<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. alba<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Despite these sex-driven differences, dominant endophytic composition was similar between sexes: Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria were the most prevalent bacterial phyla, whereas Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the most prevalent fungal phyla across all samples. Co-occurrence analysis indicated stronger links between Actinobacteriota or Proteobacteria and other phyla than among remaining phyla. These results enhance understanding of sex-associated endophytic communities in dioecious plants and may inform studies on plant sex differentiation and potential plant\u2013microbiome associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Plant sex influences physiology, defense, and resource allocation, but its effects on internal microbial communities remain poorly understood. We compared endophytic bacteria and fungi in male and female Eucommia ulmoides, Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, Ginkgo biloba, and Morus alba using high-throughput sequencing and found consistent sex-associated differences in microbial diversity and specific taxa (e.g., Spirochaetota enriched in males; Albophoma and Striaticonidium enriched in females). These results indicate that sex is a reproducible driver of endophyte community assembly across diverse hosts. Recognizing sex-specific microbiomes has practical implications for conservation, forest and crop health management, and targeted bioprospecting, and underscores the need to include host sex as a key factor in ecological, functional, and evolutionary studies of plant\u2013microbe interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00976-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:02:18Z","timestamp":1790082138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of plant sex on endophytic microbial diversity and community assembly in dioecious 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