{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:22:36Z","timestamp":1790356956057,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFF1100704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1100704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The food safety landscape faces a significant challenge from methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA), a virulent and antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogen. This study investigates the antimicrobial properties and mechanisms of cell-free supernatant (CFS) from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n                      FB1-4 against MRSA. The CFS exhibited robust antibacterial activity, achieving a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5.56 mg\/mL and maintaining a bacterial elimination rate of over 80% for 8 h at 2\u00d7 MIC, demonstrating superior sustained bactericidal efficacy compared to vancomycin. Antibacterial component analysis revealed that while the initial effect is partly pH-dependent, the activity is largely attributable to heat-stable molecules, retaining 90% efficacy after high-temperature treatment. In a food matrix, FB1-4 CFS exhibited impressive bactericidal effects against three MRSA strains, leading to elimination rates of 94.64% at 2 h, 98.02% at 4 h, 99.90% at 6 h, and nearly complete eradication (99.99%) by 8 h. Furthermore, FB1-4 CFS significantly suppressed all three tested MRSA strains (MRSA-43300, MRSA-337371, and MRSA-361194;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression, increased antibiotic susceptibility, and diminished biofilm formation by 70%. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that FB1-4 CFS modulates two-component systems and quorum sensing, leading to reduced virulence factor expression.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies confirmed a 90% reduction in MRSA colonization in mouse intestines. These findings provide critical insights into how probiotic metabolites inhibit MRSA, underscoring their potential as natural therapeutic agents in food safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study unveils a novel, multi-targeted strategy against methicillin-resistant\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        (MRSA) using the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>\n                        FB1-4. Integrating multi-omics analyses, we systematically demonstrate that FB1-4 CFS acts synergistically to disrupt MRSA\u2019s antibiotic tolerance, biofilm formation, virulence (via the SaeR\/S system), and core metabolism. This multifaceted mechanism circumvents the resistance risk of single-target antibiotics. FB1-4 CFS also shows significant efficacy in both food matrices and an\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        model, highlighting its dual potential as a natural food preservative and a therapeutic candidate to combat drug-resistant infections.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00991-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:00:52Z","timestamp":1772460052000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antimicrobial efficacy of\n                    <i>Bifidobacterium longum<\/i>\n                    FB1-4 cell-free supernatant against MRSA: insights into mechanisms and food matrix 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