{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:11:15Z","timestamp":1767773475064,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seed Industry Vitalization Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS[2021]117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS[2021]117"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32373009, 32372847, 32002263, 31872324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32373009, 32372847, 32002263, 31872324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JST | Jiangsu Provincial Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund","award":["JATS[2021]486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JATS[2021]486"]}]},{"name":"JST | Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation | Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20190881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20190881"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019M650126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M650126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST","award":["2022QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022QNRC001"]}]},{"name":"The 111 Project","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Traditional vaccine efficacy evaluation predominantly relies on antibody levels, while the assessment of T-cell responses remains underexplored. In this study, we employed multi-parameter flow cytometry to comprehensively analyze T-cell responses in cows vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). We categorized the cows into high and low vaccine potency groups based on antibody levels and investigated differences in T-cell responses between these groups. Phenotypic analysis revealed a significant reduction in CD4, CD8, and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in peripheral blood following FMD vaccine inoculation, concomitant with altered CD44 expression. Intriguingly, FMD vaccination induced a marked increase in the percentage of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            double-positive (DP) T cells in cow peripheral blood. Notably, cows with high vaccine potency exhibited a significantly higher proportion of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            DP T cells compared to those with low potency post-vaccination, suggesting their potential involvement in FMD vaccine-induced immune protection, possibly through the regulation of B-cell antibody secretion. Additionally, FMD vaccination led to the generation of central memory CD4 and CD8 T cells but not \u03b3\u03b4 T cells. Our groundbreaking findings shed light on the latent function of CD4\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            CD8\n            <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n            DP T cells in FMD vaccine-induced immune protection and established a novel method for evaluating FMD vaccine efficacy based on T-cell responses.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Vaccination plays a crucial role in the prevention and control of FMD; however, outbreaks persist occurring worldwide. Assessing the immune response to FMD vaccines is essential for effective prevention of FMD. In this study, a seven-color flow cytometry protocol was developed to systematically evaluate the T-cell response of Chinese Holstein cows vaccinated with FMD bivalent inactivated vaccine. Our findings showed that while most T-cell subsets (%) decreased post-vaccination, a significant increase was observed in CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              DP T cells, which was consistent with the levels of specific foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies. These findings suggested that CD4\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              CD8\n              <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n              DP T cells could serve as a potential biomarker for the evaluation of cellular and humoral responses to FMDV vaccination. Additionally, we should be aware of the potential decline in cellular immunity among cattle during FMD vaccination, as this may increase the risk of other pathogen-related issues.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01029-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T13:03:32Z","timestamp":1696943012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characterization of T-cell subsets in response to foot-and-mouth disease bivalent inactivated vaccine in Chinese Holstein cows"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5804-0983","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dasheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhangping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5214-5856","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1027006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05624-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2018.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.045732-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03084-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105773"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1033276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-35-S1-S67"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122358"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/immunohorizons.1900032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111844"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.09.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"8","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of a new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG FMD vaccine as a potential vaccine for cattle","volume":"17","author":"Khorasani A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khorasani A , Madadgar O , Soleimanjahi H , Keyvanfar H , Mahravani H . 2016. Evaluation of the efficacy of a new oil-based adjuvant ISA 61 VG FMD vaccine as a potential vaccine for cattle. Iran J Vet Res 17:8\u201312.","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txac006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.5.2369-2379.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.426-432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.08.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-4-727"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01561-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.596631"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01717-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-1759(01)00511-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.1.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002828"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.11.4949-4956.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v18.i3.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-011-9462-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-022-00057-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2008.01031.x"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01029-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01029-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T13:24:40Z","timestamp":1702387480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.01029-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Frederick S. B.","family":"Kibenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.01029-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01029-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2165-0497"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01029-23"}}