{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:36:36Z","timestamp":1789094196051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AuthorWarrantyLicense.v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Since 1999, doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine have been the recommended treatment for chronic Q fever, a life-threatening disease caused by the bacterial pathogen,\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Despite the duration of its use, the treatment is not ideal due to the lengthy treatment time, high mortality rate, resistant strains, and the potential for contraindicated usage. A literature search was conducted to identify studies that screened large panels of drugs against\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      to identify novel targets with potential efficacy against\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Twelve candidate antimicrobials approved for use in humans by the US Food and Drug Administration were selected and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against the low virulence strain Nine Mile phase II. Rifabutin and rifaximin were the best performing antibiotics tested with MICs of \u22640.01 \u00b5g mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Further screening of these top candidates was conducted alongside two drugs from the same class, rifampin, well-characterized\n                      <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and rifapentine, not previously reported against\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These were screened against virulent strains of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      representing three clinically relevant genotypes. Rifapentine was the most effective in the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1, with a MIC \u22640.01 \u00b5g mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . In the human kidney epithelial cell line, A-498, efficacy of rifapentine, rifampin, and rifabutin varied across\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains with MICs between \u22640.001 and 0.01 \u00b5g mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine were all bactericidal against\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; however, rifabutin and rifapentine demonstrated impressive bactericidal activity as low as 0.1 \u00b5g mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      and should be further explored as alternative Q fever treatments given their efficacy\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This work will help inform investigators and physicians about potential alternative antimicrobial therapies targeting the causative agent of Q fever,\n                      <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Chronic Q fever is difficult to treat, and alternative antimicrobials are needed. This manuscript explores the efficacy of rifamycin antibiotics against virulent strains of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      representing three clinically relevant genotypes\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Importantly, this study determines the susceptibility of\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      to rifapentine, which has not been previously reported. Evaluation of the bactericidal activity of the rifamycins reveals that rifabutin and rifapentine are bactericidal at low concentrations, which is unusual for antibiotics against\n                      <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01034-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T09:08:51Z","timestamp":1718183331000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy of rifapentine and other rifamycins against\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-0789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Halie K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilbert J.","family":"Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2021.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2013.840534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.5.1097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.2.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy7030104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70135-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2020.1839959"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1355.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01856-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01534-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00442-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1975527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.1972"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"REYATAZ\u00ae (atazanavir) capsules, for oral use","author":"Anonymous","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2020. REYATAZ\u00ae (atazanavir) capsules, for oral use. Bristol-Myers Squibb Virology, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","volume-title":"MEPRON\u00ae (Atovaquone) suspension","author":"Anonymous","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2008. MEPRON\u00ae (Atovaquone) suspension. GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Trecator\u00ae (ethionamide tablets, USP) tablets","author":"Anonymous","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2016. Trecator\u00ae (ethionamide tablets, USP) tablets. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc, Philadelphia PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"SPORANOX\u00ae (Itraconazole) capsules","author":"Anonymous","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2015. SPORANOX\u00ae (Itraconazole) capsules. Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"Nebupent\u00ae (Pentamidine isethionate)","author":"Anonymous","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2010. Nebupent\u00ae (Pentamidine isethionate). APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Schaumburg, IL 60173."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","volume-title":"AEMCOLO (Rifamycin) delayed-release tablets","author":"Anonymous","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2018. AEMCOLO (Rifamycin) delayed-release tablets. Cosmo S.p.A, Milan, Italy."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Tobramycin for injection USP","author":"Anonymous","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2011. Tobramycin for injection USP. Big Flats, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","volume-title":"DORYX\u00ae (doxycycline hyclate) delayed-release tablets","author":"Anonymous","year":"2008","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2008. DORYX\u00ae (doxycycline hyclate) delayed-release tablets. Mayne Pharma International Pty Ltd Salisbury South, South Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Tetradure 300 (oxytetracycline) injection","author":"Anonymous","year":"2003","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2003. Tetradure 300 (oxytetracycline) injection. Norbrook Laboratories Limited, Newry Northern Ireland."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Efavirenz tablets, USP 600mg","author":"Anonymous","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2015. Efavirenz tablets, USP 600mg. WV, Morgantown."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"Declomycin (demeclocycline hydrochloride) tablet","author":"Anonymous","unstructured":"Anonymous. Declomycin (demeclocycline hydrochloride) tablet. Glades Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Coral Gables, FL."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","volume-title":"MINOCIN\u00ae (Minocycline hydrochloride) pellet-filled capsules","author":"Anonymous","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2010. MINOCIN\u00ae (Minocycline hydrochloride) pellet-filled capsules. Triax Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Cranford, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"RIFADIN (rifampin capsules USP) and RIFADIN IV (rifampin for injection USP)","author":"Anonymous","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2019. RIFADIN (rifampin capsules USP) and RIFADIN IV (rifampin for injection USP). Sanofi-Aventis U.S LLC. Bridgewater, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"XIFAXAN (Rifaximin) tablets","author":"Anonymous","unstructured":"Anonymous. XIFAXAN (Rifaximin) tablets. Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morrisville, NC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Mycobutin\u00ae (rifabutin) capsules, USP","author":"Anonymous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2021. Mycobutin\u00ae (rifabutin) capsules, USP. Pfizer Inc., New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.10.2070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54556-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1869-1874.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.3.533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.5.1318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.10.2747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.11.3276-3278.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01424-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2003.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-41"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03472-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.9.2073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8059-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00012-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200140050-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.7.1079"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70052-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(87)90053-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(87)90026-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/21.supplement_3.s253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42836-021-00097-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574416642876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2015.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2672"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6338.343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health REMSoP Rutgers Global Tubercu losis Institute and the Curry International Tuberculosis Center. 2022. Rifamycin drug-drug interactions: a guide for primary care providers treating latent tuberculosis infection"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01730-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-2797(97)00071-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7108a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5369707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00758-10"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01034-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01034-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:05:29Z","timestamp":1719911129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.01034-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Po-Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.01034-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01034-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01034-24"}}