{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:51:47Z","timestamp":1786117907755,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"BAS-USDA Program in Agriculture and Life Sciences","award":["BAS-USDA PALS LS-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BAS-USDA PALS LS-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Retail chicken meat contaminated with\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n represents a significant global public health concern, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in retail chicken meat poses a serious health threat to consumers. Therefore, a cross-sectional live bird market (LBM) survey was conducted to determine the spectrum of AMR and association among AMR phenotypes, as well as between phenotypes and resistance genes in\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n isolated from retail chicken meat (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 320) and LBM sewage (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 64) samples collected from 64 LBMs of 32 upazilas in 16 districts spanning 8 administrative divisions of Bangladesh.\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n were identified using culture-based and molecular methods and were subsequently subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Genes encoding \u03b2-lactamases and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance were detected by multiplex PCR and confirmed by sequencing. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 99.1% and 92.2% of\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and in 99.4% and 100% of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n from retail chicken meat and LBM sewage samples, respectively. The most frequently detected resistance genes were\n bla_TEM<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n bla_CTX-M-1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n qnrA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n . Strong associations between phenotypic resistance and corresponding resistance genes were observed for cefepime\n \/bla_CTX-M-1<\/jats:italic>\n , ceftazidime\/\n bla_CTX-M-1<\/jats:italic>\n , aztreonam\n \/<\/jats:bold>\n bla_CTX-M-1<\/jats:italic>\n , cefuroxime\n \/qnrA,<\/jats:italic>\n ceftriaxone\n \/qnrA,<\/jats:italic>\n cefoxitin\n \/qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n , cefixime\/\n qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n , cefaclor\/\n qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n , trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole\/\n qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n , ampicillin\/\n qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n , and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid\n \/qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Overall, these findings indicate that retail chicken meat serves as a potential source of MDR\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n harboring clinically relevant AMR genes. Urgent attention is needed, including strengthening antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance programs in poultry production systems in Bangladesh.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Retail chicken meat is a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR)\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n , which pose a major public health concern due to their ability to harbor a wide range of AMR genes. Given the high consumption of chicken meat and the increasing prevalence and invasiveness of multidrug-resistant\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n , continuous monitoring of their prevalence and AMR patterns in retail chicken meat and sewage samples is essential. Understanding the associations among resistance genes may provide critical insights for developing effective antimicrobial stewardship and prudent-use guidelines. Moreover, these findings could serve as a foundation for future research addressing public health and food safety challenges associated with AMR foodborne bacteria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01062-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T01:19:26Z","timestamp":1782868766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between phenotypes and genotypes of antimicrobial resistance in\n E. coli<\/i>\n and\n Salmonella<\/i>\n isolates from retail chicken meat and live bird market sewage in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9586-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mst. Sonia","family":"Parvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k5zb271","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3696-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudipta","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k5zb271","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1601-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sayra Tasnin","family":"Sharmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k5zb271","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5265-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Mehedi","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k5zb271","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4213-2784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Taohidul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03k5zb271","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University","place":["Mymensingh, Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations","author":"O\u2019Neil J","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil J. 2014. Review on antibiotic resistance, pp. 1\u201316. In Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. London."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1590-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4798-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","volume-title":"Circular of all forms colistin ban","author":"Directorate General of Drug Administration","year":"2022","unstructured":"Directorate General of Drug Administration. 2022. Circular of all forms colistin ban. DGDA, Dhaka, Bangladesh."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01076-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13995-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02505-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00047-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14883-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02080-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061090"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2017-8431"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1720-1724"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v15i2.35525"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v16i1.37388"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2019.f344"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2019.9156"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Isolation of Salmonella spp. from food and animal faeces","author":"WHO","year":"2010","unstructured":"WHO. 2010. Laboratory protocol, p 4. In Isolation of Salmonella spp. from food and animal faeces, 5th ed, vol 13. http:\/\/www.antimicrobialresistance.dk\/data\/images\/protocols\/isolation_of_salm_220610.pdf.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","unstructured":"ISO. 2011. ISO standards catalogue 07.100.30. Food Microbiology. http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/products\/standards\/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=07&ICS2=100&ICS3=30."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822005000200009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.4.1242-1247.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"CLSI","year":"2018","unstructured":"CLSI. 2018. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Wayne, USA."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","unstructured":"EUCAST. 2018. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1954"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01647-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-172"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060420"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","first-page":"60","article-title":"BioEdit: an important software for molecular biology","volume":"2","author":"Hall T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hall T, Biosciences I, Carlsbad C. 2011. BioEdit: an important software for molecular biology. GERF Bull Biosci 2:60\u201361.","journal-title":"GERF Bull Biosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2019.97036"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104355"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey127"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2022.122005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2018.8945"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33109\/bjvmjj2022amrt1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.286-292"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3722-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.60.11.4015-4021.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-52"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01395-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02155-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091361"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105500"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1418476"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111551"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfz016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2018.091"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_2097_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey514"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01709"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3658-8_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2023. AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use 2023. In: The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: Executive summary of the report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines 24 \u2013 28 April 2023. World Health Organization Geneva"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00228"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2020.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1847"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00024"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2019.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-017-0206-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1295-1299.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2025.104554"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00137-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0467"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01123-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101310"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01533-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00147-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1123-1129.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn237"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01042-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.2.801-803.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01400-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00997-08"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"contributor":[{"given":"Chanelle","family":"Acheamfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"reviewer"}]}],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01062-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01062-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T14:44:30Z","timestamp":1786027470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.01062-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Salina","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.01062-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01062-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01062-25"}}