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Nevertheless, sporadic instances of dermatophytosis may also arise from opportunistic, uncommon fungi. This study documents the association of keratinophilic fungi,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Myriodontium keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aphanoascus verrucosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with cases of dermatophytosis in Kashmir, North India. Internal transcribed spacer region sequencing of 64 isolates obtained from skin, hair, and nail samples of 62 patients identified 61% of isolates (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 39) as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , followed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. verrucosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 20% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13) and 19% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12) cases, respectively. Furthermore, the first hybrid\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      genome assembly of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is reported in the present study. Genomic analysis of both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. verrucosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species revealed median intra-species single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences of 100 and 27, respectively, suggesting highly related strains in the patient population.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">De novo<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional annotation identified a higher number of coding regions in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      compared to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. verrucosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) exhibiting unique substrate affinities and subtilisin 3 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SUB3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene, previously implicated as a potential virulence gene in dermatophytes. Notably, in addition to all the multidrug transporters encoded by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton<\/jats:italic>\n                      species,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      genome contains six putative ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters showing 40%\u201370% sequence similarity with the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CDR1<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited reduced susceptibility to multiple antifungals, including high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (&gt;16 mg\/L) against griseofulvin and itraconazole. Importantly, itraconazole is a primary therapeutic agent for terbinafine-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections, underscoring the necessity for early and accurate identification and intervention of dermatophytic infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The study reports cases of dermatophytosis associated with two rare keratinophilic fungi, i.e.,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Myriodontium keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aphanoascus verrucosus<\/jats:italic>\n                        . The cases mainly presented as tinea corporis and cruris, commonly caused by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                        in the Indian subcontinent, which may remain undiagnosed due to a lack of molecular identification. Furthermore, the first-ever genome report of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. keratinophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                        and its\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ab initio<\/jats:italic>\n                        functional annotation is useful for further studies and management of opportunistic pathogens that exhibit reduced susceptibility towards itraconazole, the first-line drug of treatment for terbinafine-resistant\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                        infections. An early correct molecular identification of the etiologic agents of skin infections is warranted to tackle the new agents of dermatophytosis at the earliest stage.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01087-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:02:04Z","timestamp":1790341324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dermatophytosis beyond\n                    <i>Trichophyton indotineae<\/i>\n                    : genomic characterization of rare keratinophilic fungi\n                    <i>Myriodontium keratinophilum<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Aphanoascus verrucosus<\/i>\n                    in North India"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7627-9330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amtoj","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi","place":["Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0533-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandhyarani","family":"Mahanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049tgcd06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnaz","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gd3wz76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Soura, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04gzb2213","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi","place":["Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashir Ahmad","family":"Fomda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gd3wz76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences","place":["Soura, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Sameem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03gd3wz76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Dermatology, STD & Leprosy, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences - 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