{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:59:05Z","timestamp":1790344745200,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Laboratory for High Performance Computing - Chile","award":["CCSS210001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCSS210001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05mjfsy88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3230796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1231082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1231082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11250702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11250702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21220654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21220654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020884","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21241909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21241909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020884","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The global emergence of multidrug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Infantis has been largely attributed to the pESI megaplasmid; however, additional factors contributing to the ecological success of this lineage remain poorly understood. Here, we characterize a phage of emergent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Infantis (\u03a6ESI), a temperate bacteriophage discovered during coculture of an emergent pESI-positive strain (PM57) and a non-emergent strain (DR006). Phage \u03a6ESI shows a siphovirus morphotype with a long tail and an elongated head, with a genome of 46,490 bp, which is integrated as a prophage at the 3\u2032-end of an Arg-tRNA gene in PM57, but is absent in DR006, which is susceptible to \u03a6ESI-mediated lysis. Screening of \u03a6ESI genes across 20,429 global\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Infantis genomes revealed a near-exclusive association of \u03a6ESI and \u03a6ESI-like prophages with the emergent pESI-positive lineage. Further bioinformatic analyses of complete chromosomes revealed diverse \u03a6ESI insertion profiles showing geographic clustering and the presence of large-scale chromosomal inversions flanked by \u03a6ESI genes.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      competition assays demonstrated that PM57 outcompeted DR006 in coculture, coinciding with high viral loads that selectively lysed DR006. Consistently, susceptibility assays showed that strains lacking \u03a6ESI\/\u03a6ESI-like prophages were susceptible to \u03a6ESI infection. Together, these findings identify \u03a6ESI as a lineage-associated prophage that mediates competitive exclusion of susceptible strains. Our results support a role for prophage-driven competition in the ecological success of the multidrug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Infantis lineage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Emergent multidrug-resistant\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                        serovar Infantis strains carrying pESI megaplasmids have spread worldwide, posing a global public health threat and a significant economic burden. Nevertheless, the factors contributing to the success of this foodborne pathogen, beyond pESI, remain poorly understood. Here, we describe \u03a6ESI, a novel temperate bacteriophage carried by the emergent lineage as a chromosomally integrated prophage. We show that \u03a6ESI provides a competitive advantage to emergent strains by selectively killing non-emergent competitors while protecting lysogens from reinfection. Our findings uncover the contribution of \u03a6ESI\/\u03a6ESI-like bacteriophages to the success of emergent\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                        Infantis, highlighting how lineage-associated prophages can shape the ecological success of pathogenic bacteria.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01159-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:01:17Z","timestamp":1790341277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prophage \u03a6ESI promotes competitive dominance in the emergent\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    serovar Infantis lineage"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7631-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristobal","family":"Martinez-Padilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04teye511","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria; 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