{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T03:39:01Z","timestamp":1790134741677,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen responsible for severe respiratory infections in foals, requiring prolonged antibiotic treatment. Despite its\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n susceptibility to multiple antibiotics, the\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n eradication of intracellular\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n remains challenging due to its ability to persist and survive within alveolar macrophages. This study aimed to assess\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n the extracellular and intracellular activity of rifampicin, doxycycline, and four macrolides against\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n while assessing current methodologies used to differentiate intracellular and extracellular bacteria. We found that the removal of extracellular\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n with short times of exposure to bactericidal drugs was challenging. We thus proposed an alternative approach with washing steps to assess intracellular antibiotic activity by combining bacterial counts and optical microscopy. Our results indicated that clarithromycin alone, as well as azithromycin or gamithromycin in combination with doxycycline, dramatically reduced both intracellular and extracellular\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n . This study also highlighted the need for refined\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n methodologies to assess antibiotic efficacy against\n R. equi,<\/jats:italic>\n ultimately contributing to the development of optimized treatment strategies for\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n infections in foals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic>\n is a major cause of pneumonia in foals and represents a serious challenge for the equine sector due to the need for prolonged and sometimes ineffective antibiotic treatments. This study highlights the limitations of current\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n methods used to evaluate antibiotic activity against\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n , by demonstrating that widely used bactericidal antibiotics like gentamicin may not eliminate extracellular bacteria as effectively as previously assumed, and we emphasize the risk of overestimating intracellular bacterial survival in experimental models. We therefore propose a new method that allows more accurate assessment of antibiotic efficacy within host cells. Our findings help refine\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n testing strategies and support the identification of antibiotic combinations with effective intracellular activity, offering new perspectives for improving treatment protocols against\n R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n infections in foals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01205-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T13:47:03Z","timestamp":1753796823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reassessment of extracellular and intracellular activity of macrolides, rifampicin, and doxycycline against\n Rhodococcus equi<\/i>\n based on bacterial counts and microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9929-3305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Huguet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ahyrz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"INTHERES, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oph\u00e9lie","family":"Gourbeyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ahyrz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"INTHERES, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7661-4311","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alain","family":"Bousquet-M\u00e9lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ahyrz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"INTHERES, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6629-1088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aude A.","family":"Ferran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ahyrz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"INTHERES, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie A.","family":"Lallemand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ahyrz84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"INTHERES, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT","place":["Toulouse, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(84)90079-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.7.855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Molecular characterization of virulence-associated protein (Vap) family genes of pathogenic Rhodococcus equi isolates from clinical cases of Indian equines","volume":"13","author":"Anand T","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anand T, Bera BC, Vaid RK, Shanmugasundaram K, Sharma G, Virmani N, Shukla BN, Barua S, Malik P, Singh RK. 2014. 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