{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:10:49Z","timestamp":1785431449049,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Emerging fungal pathogens, such as\n Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n , the causative agent of Valley fever, or coccidioidomycosis, pose significant clinical and public health challenges. While advances in genomic epidemiology have enhanced our understanding of\n Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n evolutionary history, effective variant identification is complicated by the genome\u2019s structural complexity. Repetitive elements, transposable sequences, and regions of low complexity can lead to incorrect variant calls, affecting downstream analyses. Further, accurate species identification is essential for understanding the spread of\n C. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. posadasii<\/jats:italic>\n , which, despite having distinct primary geographic distributions, can co-occur. Distinguishing between these species is critical for interpreting patterns of transmission, emergence, and potential shifts in endemicity. To address this, we developed a pipeline to identify genetic variants and assign species directly from sequencing reads. We evaluated the performance of variant identification both across the genome and after excluding repetitive regions identified by NUCmer, a commonly used tool, on simulated genomic data and empirically generated sequence data. Whole-genome calling detected the highest number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), over 80,000 on average in both species, but included a substantial number of false positives, with 42,834 true positives and 38,115 false positives identified. Masking repetitive regions significantly enhanced accuracy. In\n C. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n , masking with NUCmer increased sensitivity from 70.1% to 91.7% and precision from 52.7% to 91.1%. Similarly, in\n C. posadasii<\/jats:italic>\n , sensitivity improved from 80.0% to 96.1% and precision from 53.1% to 90.4%. These improvements were also reflected in overall F1 scores, which rose from 60%\u201364% in whole-genome analysis to over 90% after masking. Using simulated reads, our pipeline recovered 83,400 SNPs in\n C. posadasii<\/jats:italic>\n , with 40,163 shared across regions and a Jaccard index of 0.36. Species classification was highly accurate\u2014100% in simulations and 98.9% in 175 publicly available samples. Here, we provide a benchmarked variant and species identification pipeline for\n Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n and quantify the impact of genomic region on variant identification performance, which may have downstream impacts on phylogenetic and genomic epidemiology inference.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n Accurate genetic analysis is essential for tracking and understanding emerging fungal pathogens like\n Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n , the cause of Valley fever. However, the complex structure of fungal genomes makes it difficult to identify genetic differences reliably. This study demonstrates that the choice of genomic regions has a substantial impact on variant detection accuracy. We developed and tested a new tool called\n cocci-call<\/jats:italic>\n and found that focusing on specific regions of the genome dramatically improves the accuracy of genetic variant detection. This improvement could enhance how researchers monitor outbreaks, track fungal evolution, and design better diagnostics. By identifying high-confidence regions for analysis, our work helps standardize how\n Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n genomes are studied and compared, laying the groundwork for more accurate and reproducible genomic research in this important pathogen.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01232-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T13:00:26Z","timestamp":1755262826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of bioinformatic choices on\n Coccidioides<\/i>\n variant identification accuracy"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2952-8816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emanuel M.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, USA"]},{"name":"Elfa Analytics","place":["Ponte Nova, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly E.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine","place":["Salt Lake City, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, University of Utah and ARUP Laboratories","place":["Salt Lake City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3439-4517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bridget","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0272j5188","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University","place":["Flagstaff, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0065-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine S.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah","place":["Salt Lake City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00449-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"WHO. 2022. WHO fungal priority pathogens list to guide research development and public health action. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240060241."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2503.181155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00550-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkac031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.103911.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0054-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0054-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00590-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/fly.19695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr509"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr708"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2417-3_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43876-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-2-r12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.806"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garrison E Marth G. 2012. Haplotype-based variant detection from short-read sequencing. arXiv. doi:10.48550\/arXiv.1207.3907","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1207.3907"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2019.00041"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01232-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01232-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:05:06Z","timestamp":1759842306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.01232-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.01232-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01232-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01232-25"}}