{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:10:26Z","timestamp":1787314226326,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making the search for novel antimicrobial agents essential. This pilot study evaluates the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of nourseothricin, a streptothricin family antibiotic mixture primarily composed of streptothricin F, against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a previously unexplored therapeutic option. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nourseothricin were determined using the agar dilution method on a panel of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains, including multidrug-resistant isolates. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy was assessed using the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection model, where larvae were infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and treated with varying concentrations of nourseothricin. Survival rates were compared to those of ceftriaxone-treated and untreated control groups. Nourseothricin inhibited the growth of all tested\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains, with MIC values ranging from 16 to 32 \u00b5g\/mL, independent of resistance to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or azithromycin.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , treatment with nourseothricin significantly improved larval survival compared to the untreated control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). The highest survival rate was observed with a 32 \u00b5g\/mL dose, comparable to that of ceftriaxone-treated groups. Nourseothricin exhibited\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including multidrug-resistant strains. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      results, obtained in a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      larval model, suggest that nourseothricin may warrant further investigation as a candidate compound for the treatment of gonorrhea, although its clinical potential remains to be evaluated in mammalian systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The emergence of multidrug-resistant\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                        has made the development of new treatments a critical priority. This study is the first to evaluate the\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        efficacy of nourseothricin against\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                        , demonstrating its activity even against resistant strains. In addition to its\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                        efficacy, treatment with nourseothricin improved survival in an\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection model, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option. Given the increasing limitations of existing antibiotics, these findings support further investigation into nourseothricin as a candidate for future gonorrhea treatment.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01275-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T13:00:36Z","timestamp":1752584436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nourseothricin as a novel therapeutic agent against\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    :\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    evaluations using\n                    <i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>\n                    \u2014a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-2297","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Izumo","family":"Kanesaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hcx7n63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"Abdellati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Gestels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thibaut","family":"Vanbaelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-252X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irith","family":"De Baetselier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"de Block","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8421-5137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheeba Santhini","family":"Manoharan-Basil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-8998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03xq4x896","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p74gp79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Cape Town","place":["Cape town, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12247767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025 Gonococcal isolate surveillance project (GISP) profiles. 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