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The\n                        objective was to compare the respiratory pathogen profiles and\n                        epidemiological patterns during and after the lifting of non-pharmaceutical\n                        interventions (NPIs, including mask-wearing, social distancing, lockdowns,\n                        etc.). A total of 9,362 hospitalized children diagnosed with CAP in Baoding\n                        from January 2022 to December 2023 were included. Both viral and bacterial\n                        pathogens were detected by multiplex PCR. The NPIs were lifted in Baoding\n                        from 2 December 2022. A comparative analysis was conducted on demographic\n                        data, epidemiological data, pathogen detection rates, and co-infection\n                        patterns that were compared between the full year 2022 and 2023. The\n                        detection rate of at least one pathogen significantly increased from 74.2%\n                        (2,925\/3,940) in 2022 to 86.5% (4,690\/5,422) in 2023 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , human rhinovirus, respiratory\n                        syncytial virus (RSV), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the\n                        predominant pathogens. Notably, co-infection rates rose from 25.1%\n                        (988\/3,940) in 2022 to 45.1% (2,445\/5,422) in 2023 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), particularly viral-bacterial co-infections. The positive\n                        detection rates for many pathogens among severe pneumonia cases increased.\n                        Additionally, an age shift in infection patterns was observed, with older\n                        children showing a higher prevalence of RSV. Following the lifting of NPIs,\n                        an increase in the detection rates of pathogens was observed, as were\n                        fluctuations in the dynamics of viral and bacterial pathogens, underscoring\n                        the urgent need to adapt clinical management and public health policies to\n                        address emerging infection trends.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the leading infectious cause\n                            of death in children worldwide. Understanding the pathogens responsible\n                            for CAP is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. This study\n                            examines the changes in respiratory pathogens and epidemiological\n                            patterns in children with CAP in Baoding, China, before and after the\n                            lifting of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Data from 9,362\n                            children diagnosed with CAP from January 2022 to December 2023 were\n                            analyzed. The detection rate of at least one pathogen increased\n                            significantly from 74.2% in 2022 to 86.5% in 2023. Notably, co-infection\n                            rates rose from 25.1% to 45.1%, with viral-bacterial co-infections being\n                            more common. This research underscores the urgent need to adapt clinical\n                            management and public health policies to address the changing infection\n                            trends, highlighting their importance and innovation in understanding\n                            the impact of NPIs on pediatric respiratory infections.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01279-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T13:02:18Z","timestamp":1758718938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changing patterns of respiratory pathogens in hospitalized children                    with community-acquired pneumonia in northern China following the lifting of                    non-pharmaceutical interventions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ting-ting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013xs5b60","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Baoding Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Children, Hebei Key laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathogenesis and Precise Diagnosis and Treatment, Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Baoding, People's Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze-ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/053qy4437","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital","place":["Beijing, People's Republic of 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