{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:01:15Z","timestamp":1785420075681,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DNA from oral bacteria has been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias (AD\/ADRD). We hypothesized that examination of archived CSF samples from donors with variable cognitive status would reveal evidence of a resident microbiome. 176 CSF samples harvested from community-dwelling individuals (77% between 61 and 80 years old) were analyzed; 57% originated from donors with impaired cognitive status. DNA was extracted after adding microbial spike-in controls, and libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina-MiSeq platform. 16S rRNA sequences were processed, and a taxonomic classification was performed. Spike-in bacteria were consistently detected, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was found in a positive control sample from a patient with bacterial meningitis. However, very few reads mapping to other bacterial taxa were detected across samples, suggesting a negligible bacterial content consistent with occasional contamination or sequencing errors. CSF is a privileged, sterile environment that does not harbor a resident microbiome in elderly people with various morbidities, including AD\/ADRD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent reports have suggested that DNA from oral bacteria has been found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD\/ADRD). We hypothesized that examination of archived CSF samples from donors with variable cognitive status would reveal evidence of a resident microbiome. We thus analyzed 176 CSF samples harvested from community-dwelling individuals including donors with impaired cognitive status. While our findings suggested the presence of occasional bacterial contamination, they provided no evidence of a resident microbiome. We thus conclude that the CSF is indeed a privileged, sterile environment that does not harbor a resident microbiome in elderly people with various morbidities including AD\/ADRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01308-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T13:03:01Z","timestamp":1756213381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid microbiome revisited: no evidence of resident bacteria in archived samples"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01esghr10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral, Diagnostic and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heekuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01esghr10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwayne","family":"Seeram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01esghr10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran T.","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Catrin","family":"Uhlemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01esghr10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Microbiome & Pathogen Genomics Core, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University","place":["New York, USA"]},{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. 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