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Recent advances in phage research have positioned them as especially useful for inactivation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      where antibiotics have proven no longer effective. Even more recently, phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS) has been proposed as a solution for AMR\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , where synergistic combinations of phages and antibiotics are more effective than application of phage or antibiotic alone. Utilizing an in-house phage isolate, SeKF_13, we sought to determine the existence of PAS against a strain of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium 14028 2a that is clinically resistant to bacteriostatic antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Checkerboard assays revealed the presence of synergy when sub-lethal (sub-MIC) levels of either tetracycline or chloramphenicol were combined with phage SeKF_13 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05; two-way ANOVA). Compared to tetracycline or chloramphenicol alone, the addition of phage also decreased the MICs of both antibiotics twofold. We also monitored the development of resistance and found that PAS significantly suppressed emergence of resistance compared to the antibacterial agents alone (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05; Tukey\u2019s HSD). Whole-genome sequencing revealed that SeKF_13 is devoid of genes encoding integrase, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence, ensuring safety in future applications. Together, our results suggest that combined treatment of phage and antibiotic can improve antimicrobial efficacy against antibiotic-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen that causes one of the highest rates of foodborne illness worldwide. They are also capable of becoming resistant to antimicrobials very rapidly (i.e., antimicrobial resistance; AMR) due to their ability to acquire AMR determinants, undermining the effectiveness of current treatments. Bacteriophages (phages), viral predators of bacteria, have been proven to be effective in some cases, but recently, phage-antibiotic synergy has been proposed as a more effective solution than phages or antibiotics alone. We found this was, indeed, the case; using phage SeKF_13 and tetracycline or chloramphenicol (to which the Salmonella strain was resistant), we found that combination treatment was significantly more effective than either treatment alone. These results demonstrate that combined treatment of phage and antibiotic can bolster treatment efficacy against AMR Salmonella.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01364-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T13:00:36Z","timestamp":1782306036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chloramphenicol and tetracycline synergize with bacteriophage SeKF_13 to inactivate antimicrobial-resistant\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Typhimurium"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7554-6890","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0399wt198","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre","place":["Summerland, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0399wt198","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre","place":["Summerland, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Lone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e0bg420","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre","place":["Guelph, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1308-3277","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hany","family":"Anany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e0bg420","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre","place":["Guelph, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024a. 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