{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:23:51Z","timestamp":1788269031355,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      includes gram-negative saprophytes, nitrogen-fixers, and species associated with nosocomial infections. Numerous strains in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia cepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia glumae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia gladioli<\/jats:italic>\n                      clades carry genes for phenazine (Phz) biosynthesis. Phenazines are a large class of colored, structurally diverse microbial secondary compounds with a common nitrogen-containing tricyclic core. They act as molecular signals and extracellular electron shuttles, contributing to the competitiveness of producer organisms in their natural habitats. Phenazines also undergo redox cycling, generating reactive oxygen species that suppress the growth of other organisms. The study of phenazines has largely been confined to the model opportunistic pathogen\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and many aspects of their biology in other bacterial groups remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified genes involved in phenazine production, regulation, and resistance in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia lata<\/jats:italic>\n                      383, a member of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. cepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                      complex, which produces dimethyl 4,9-dihydroxy-1,6-phenazinedicarboxylate. We subjected this strain to a transposon mutagenesis screen and characterized the transcriptomes of phenazine and quorum-sensing (QS) mutants of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. lata<\/jats:italic>\n                      383. Our results indicate that QS regulates phenazine production in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and confirm that this cell-cell communication also controls other phenotypic traits, including biofilm formation. Analysis of transcriptome responses to phenazine methosulfate in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. lata<\/jats:italic>\n                      383 and two closely related phenazine-non-producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains revealed that these organisms cope with phenazine toxicity by upregulating pathways involved in the oxidative stress response, iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, and multidrug efflux.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a diverse genus comprising over 100 agriculturally, medically, and environmentally significant species. Many members of this group produce phenazines, yet the regulatory mechanisms governing phenazine biosynthesis and self-resistance remain poorly characterized. Our study sheds light on key aspects of these pathways, revealing parallels with pseudomonads in how\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                        species regulate and respond to these versatile, redox-active metabolites.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01403-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:00:46Z","timestamp":1785934846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic regulation of biosynthesis and resistance to redox-active phenazines in\n                    <i>Burkholderia<\/i>\n                    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