{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:51:01Z","timestamp":1753883461882,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              recovery from pulmonary samples is challenging due to the lack of a specific medium and the abundance of overgrown respiratory flora. This study aimed to compare the amoeba plate test (APT), an amoebic coculture with\n              <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:italic>\n              , with the axenic culture to recover\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              from pulmonary samples.\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              serial dilutions (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 15 strains from seven species, concentrations ranging: 10\n              <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n              \u201310\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n              CFU\/mL) in water and spiked overgrown sputa (\n              <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n              = 8) were simultaneously plated on agar with amoebic monolayer (APT) and without (control). Culture positivity rates, minimal growth concentrations, growth times, and abundance of flora overgrowth were compared for each condition. In water,\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              culture positivity rates were not significantly different between APT (86%, 30\/35) and control (94%, 33\/35;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.246). In sputa, APT resulted in greater\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              growth (63%, 22\/35 vs 37%, 13\/35;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.008). In addition, the elimination of interfering flora was more frequent using APT (34%, 12\/35 vs 11%, 4\/35;\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = 0.01), and the overall abundance of flora was lower (median [interquartile range, IQR]: 1 [0\u20132] vs 3 [1-3];\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              &lt; 0.0001). The most grown species using APT were\n              <jats:italic>N. mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>N. otitidiscaviarum,<\/jats:italic>\n              whereas\n              <jats:italic>N. abscessus<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:italic>N. nova<\/jats:italic>\n              were the most fastidious to grow under both conditions. This study reports\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia\u2019<\/jats:italic>\n              s ability to grow in amoebic coculture, with some growth kinetic differences depending on the species, presumably implying their intra-amoebic multiplication. Furthermore, in APT,\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              recovery from overgrown sputa was greater, and flora decontamination was more effective. The present findings are strong arguments to implement APT as a complementary technique for\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              isolation from heavily contaminated samples.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              The culture-proven diagnosis of Nocardiosis is challenging due to the difficulties in recovering\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              colonies from respiratory samples containing a complex polymicrobial flora. However, the isolation of\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              strains remains necessary to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing and adapt the antibiotic regimen of the patients. This study provides an innovative culture method based on a solid medium amoebic coculture, the amoeba plate test (APT), to cultivate\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              strains from clinical sputa samples.\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              grew across the APT amoebic monolayer. Moreover, the APT, which is already used in a reference center for the recovery of\n              <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n              strains, exhibited good performances for\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              recovery and decontamination of interfering flora, thereby representing a promising second line tool to improve\n              <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic>\n              culture.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01416-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T14:00:16Z","timestamp":1732284016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amoeba plate test with\n            <i>Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/i>\n            as an innovative tool for\n            <i>Nocardia<\/i>\n            recovery from sputum samples: a proof-of-concept study"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4485-5994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coralie","family":"Espinasse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des L\u00e9gionelles, Institut des Agents Infectieux, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Legiopath Team, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghislaine","family":"Descours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des L\u00e9gionelles, Institut des Agents Infectieux, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Legiopath Team, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"ESCMID Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI)","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Ibranosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des L\u00e9gionelles, Institut des Agents Infectieux, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Legiopath Team, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Beraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des L\u00e9gionelles, Institut des Agents 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R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Rodriguez Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie M\u00e9dicale de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Nocardioses, Institut des Agents Infectieux, H\u00f4pital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon","place":["Lyon, France"]},{"name":"UMR Ecologie Microbienne, Pathog\u00e8nes Opportunistes Bact\u00e9riens et Environnement, CNRS 5557, INRAE 1418, VetAgro Sup, Observatoire Fran\u00e7ais des Nocardioses, et Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1","place":["Lyon, France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-0215","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophie","family":"Jarraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de 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