{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:34:33Z","timestamp":1791441273335,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Malaria remains a global health problem, with 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths in 2021. Diagnosis of\n            <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n            species is important for administering the appropriate treatment. The gold-standard diagnosis for accurate species identification remains the thin blood smear. Nevertheless, this method is time-consuming and requires highly skilled and trained microscopists. To overcome these issues, new diagnostic tools based on deep learning are emerging. This study aimed to evaluate the performances of a real-time detection transformer (RT-DETR) object detection algorithm to discriminate\n            <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n            species on thin blood smear images. The algorithm was trained and validated on a data set consisting in 24,720 images from 475 thin blood smears corresponding to 2,002,597 labels. Performances were calculated with a test data set of 4,508 images from 170 smears corresponding to 358,825 labels coming from six French university hospitals. At the patient level, the RT-DETR algorithm exhibited an overall accuracy of 79.4% (135\/170) with a recall of 74% (40\/54) and 81.9% (95\/116) for negative and positive smears, respectively. Among\n            <jats:italic>Plasmodium-<\/jats:italic>\n            positive smears, the global accuracy was 82.7% (91\/110) with a recall of 90% (38\/42), 81.8% (18\/22), and 76.1% (35\/46) for\n            <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>P. malariae,<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>P. ovale\/vivax,<\/jats:italic>\n            respectively. The RT-DETR model achieved a World Health Organization (WHO) competence level 2 for species identification. Besides, the RT-DETR algorithm may be run in real-time on low-cost devices such as a smartphone and could be suitable for deployment in low-resource setting areas lacking microscopy experts.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Malaria remains a global health problem, with 247 million cases and 619,000 deaths in 2021. Diagnosis of\n              <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n              species is important for administering the appropriate treatment. The gold-standard diagnosis for accurate species identification remains the thin blood smear. Nevertheless, this method is time-consuming and requires highly skilled and trained microscopists. To overcome these issues, new diagnostic tools based on deep learning are emerging. This study aimed to evaluate the performances of a real-time detection transformer (RT-DETR) object detection algorithm to discriminate\n              <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n              species on thin blood smear images. Performances were calculated with a test data set of 4,508 images from 170 smears coming from six French university hospitals. The RT-DETR model achieved a World Health Organization (WHO) competence level 2 for species identification. Besides, the RT-DETR algorithm may be run in real-time on low-cost devices and could be suitable for deployment in low-resource setting areas.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01440-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T22:14:21Z","timestamp":1704320061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Automatic patient-level recognition of four\n            <i>Plasmodium<\/i>\n            species on thin blood smear by a real-time detection transformer (RT-DETR) object detection algorithm: a proof-of-concept and evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0168-7575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilie","family":"Guemas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Toulouse, Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), CNRS UMR5051, INSERM UMR1291, UPS, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Routier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University Hospital of Rouen, University of Rouen Normandie, Normandie, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9o","family":"Ghelfenstein-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris Cit\u00e9, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisi\u00e8re-Fernand-Widal, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Cordier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, INSERM U1285, Unit\u00e9 de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (CNRS UMR 8576), University Hospital (CHU) of Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Hartuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nantes University,Academic Hospital (CHU) of Nantes,Cibles et M\u00e9dicaments des Infections et de l'Immunit\u00e9, IICiMed, UR1155, Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Marion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, National Reference Centre (CNR) for Paludism, Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology\/Mycology, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, National Reference Centre (CNR) for Paludism, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Bertout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology\/Mycology, UMI 233 TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, IRD, INSERM U1175, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Varlet-Marie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry and Biophysics, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, National Reference Centre (CNR) for Paludism, Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology\/Mycology, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, National Reference Centre (CNR) for Paludism, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University Hospital of Rouen, University of Rouen Normandie, Normandie, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9152-5149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Pasquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology\/Mycology, Academic Hospital (CHU) of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, National Reference Centre (CNR) for Paludism, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"World Malaria Report. 2022. Geneva : World Health Organization CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60024-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78691-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/LM0KC4BEYHGDSZCU"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2221728"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/dfac027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4568"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2020.101845"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04036-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics9040076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21681163.2022.2111715"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04146-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2493-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1908.01901"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03631-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWSSIP48289.2020.9145130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","unstructured":"2016. World health organization. malaria microscopy quality assurance manual. version 2. Geneva:World Health Organization. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/204266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-019-00284-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05453-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2633903X21000015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-7162-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab040"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01440-23","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/spectrum.01440-23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T14:10:46Z","timestamp":1707228646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/spectrum.01440-23"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kileen L.","family":"Shier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/spectrum.01440-23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01440-23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2165-0497","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01440-23"}}