{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:55:36Z","timestamp":1785426936867,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Resistance-conferring mutations in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) are primary drivers of therapeutic challenges. However, comprehensive resistance mutation profiles are lacking in low- and middle-income countries. This study assesses the patterns and prevalence of isoniazid (INH) or multidrug\/rifampicin-resistant (MDR\/RR) tuberculosis (TB) mutations. We used stored\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates obtained from smear-positive TB patients recruited from 32 health facilities as part of the drug resistance survey (DRS). Line probe assay (LPA) testing was conducted on phenotypically confirmed INH-resistant and MDR\/RR\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. A total of 65 MDR\/RR and 62 mono-INH-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were analyzed. LPA detects 93.8% of rifampicin-conferred mutations in phenotypically confirmed MDR\/RR\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. The most frequent mutations were found at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n                      codons 530\u2013533 (63.9%), and the S531L mutation comprised 59% of the MDR\/RR TB isolates. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">katG<\/jats:italic>\n                      315 mutations were observed in the majority of MDR\/RR (98%) and mono-INH-resistant (91.6%)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates. The proportion of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">katG<\/jats:italic>\n                      315 mutations was higher in newly diagnosed INH-resistant TB patients (72.7%) than those who had had prior treatment (27.3%). In 29.5% of MDR\/RR and 2.5% of mono-INH resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mtb<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates, resistance was inferred. This study reports the proportion of mutations conferring resistance to rifampicin and INH using isolates collected from the national DRS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drug resistance mutations vary by location, effectiveness of the national control programs, and the diagnostic methods employed. Rapid molecular diagnostic tests are the primary methods used to detect drug-resistant tuberculosis. Comprehensive resistance mutation profiles are often lacking in low- and middle-income countries. The goal of this study was to assess the patterns and frequencies of mutations conferring first-line drug resistance in Ethiopia using isolates collected from the drug resistance survey. The isolates were obtained before the implementation of rapid molecular tests. The findings will enhance our understanding of the patterns and frequencies of mutations that confer resistance, which is crucial for developing a comprehensive catalog of mutations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01454-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T14:02:26Z","timestamp":1771596146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pattern and prevalence of rifampicin and isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis using genotype MTBDR\n                    <i>plus<\/i>\n                    assay in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-983X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muluwork","family":"Getahun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xytbp33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gobena","family":"Ameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01km6p862","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University","place":["Al Ain, UAE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilina","family":"Mollalign","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xytbp33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0166-682X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Getu","family":"Diriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xytbp33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dereje","family":"Beyene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/038b8e254","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2020.61.1s1.1475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024. Global tuberculosis report 2024. Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v28i5.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198091"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01354-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37719-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ579"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00537-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. The use of next-generation sequencing for the surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis: an implementation manual. World Health Organization. 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Line probe assays for detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis: interpretation and reporting manual for laboratory staff and clinicians. Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2016. The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin. Geneva Switzerland World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-37"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2016.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43547-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01707-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S358301"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2023. Catalogue of mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and their association with drug resistance. 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